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The study reported describes Efe (pygmy) forager one-, two-, and three-year-olds' involvement with males. The Efe of northeastern Zaïre were chosen because their social organization allows us to examine hypotheses based on studies in Western, technologically complex societies about the distinctive role fathers play in the lives of their young children. Behavioral observations of Efe children's day-to-day activities with fathers, men and boys were recorded using a focal subject sampling technique (Altmann, 1974). Two behavioral measures were created to capture the extent to which males were involved with children: Social engagement describes males' involvement with children and social attention describes eavesdropping by children on males' everyday activities. Eight one-year-olds, 7 two-year-olds and 8 three-year-olds were each observed for six, one-hour observation sessions that were distributed evenly over the daylight hours. Data were analyzed using the traditional measure of involvement (e.g., adult males) and using a newly developed measure of the involvement of the average individual (e.g., average adult mate). Comparisons at each of the ages showed that fathers were consistently like other men in the extent to which children participated in social activities with them and watched their activities. Only fathers' level of social engagement declined significantly as children grew older. Boys' role relative to other males became increasingly distinctive as children aged. The findings suggest that Efe fathers may not be unique in the same sense assumed by Western study ideals, and raise questions about the special status given to fathers in Western theory and data. The patterning of mate involvement with children is discussed in terms of Efe community life, and in terms of Efe children's developing understanding of their relationship with fathers and other males. 相似文献
3.
刘宝林 《上海理工大学学报(社会科学版)》2005,27(5):377-380
黏附细胞的超微结构包括细胞骨架(cytoskeleton)、细胞黏附点(focal adhesion,FA)及细胞间连接(gap junction,GJ).保持细胞超微结构的完整,对复温后细胞的存活率及细胞功能是至关重要的.实验发现,冻结到一196℃后,部分F肌动蛋白被切断、卷曲,且扩展面积与细胞成活率随温度降低呈现相似的下降趋势;冻结后蛋白质vinculin(FA)和Cx-43(GJ)的数量分别下降到对照组的22%及10%左右.综述了冻结过程对细胞超微结构影响的研究现状,分析了目前的研究所存在的问题与不足,提出了实时观察活细胞超微结构的方法,并给出了初步的结果. 相似文献
4.
In Sweden, government-mandated paid parental leave has been available to both mothers and fathers since 1974. By 2006, each parent had two non-transferable leave months and nine additional months to share. From the beginning, parental leave was presented as a policy designed to promote gender equality, with women and men having equal opportunities and responsibilities to contribute economically to the family and care for children. Sweden thus provides a unique setting to explore whether social policy can be an important instrument for changing the gender contract. Analysing survey data from 356 fathers working in large private companies, we found that the amount of parental leave days taken had positive effects on several aspects of fathers’ participation in childcare and on their satisfaction with contact with children, controlling for other factors contributing to fathers’ participation in childcare. Our findings suggest that the full potential of Sweden's parental leave policy for degendering the division of labour for childcare will not likely be met until fathers are strongly encouraged by social policy to take a more equal portion of parental leave. 相似文献
5.
池丽萍 《中华女子学院学报》2005,17(6):82-85
研究表明:幼儿家长在教养活动中同时运用支持、惩戒和溺爱三种教养行为,但三种行为在其全部教养行为中所占比例不同,支持行为最多,惩戒和溺爱行为较少;家长的支持教养行为与其对子女的控制感呈正相关,而惩戒和溺爱行为则与控制感呈负相关. 相似文献
6.
Religious affiliation and the family 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The process of religious affiliation is mediated by institutions such as the family, which provide a network of ties to the public sphere. Variations in the likelihood of those with no religious affiliation in high school (N=900) becoming church members by the time they reach 30 are explained in terms of a combination of individual attributes, such as educational and spatial mobility, and changes in structural location, such as the transition to marital and parental status. Panel data from the Career Development Study show that women's chances of affiliation are more affected than are men's by parents' religious homogamy, getting married, and having children. 相似文献
7.
The 1995 wave of the Add Health study is used to investigate the relative influence of parent gender and residence on patterns of parental involvement with adolescents. Adolescent reports (N =17,330) of shared activities, shared communication, and relationship quality with both biological parents are utilized. A multidimensional scaling analysis reveals that parent gender explains most of the variance in parent‐adolescent involvement, with residential status playing a secondary yet a fundamental role in accounting for these patterns. Resident mothers who do not live with adolescents’ biological fathers engage in the broadest range of activities with their children. Unpartnered resident fathers display patterns of parenting that are as similar to mothers as they are to other fathers. 相似文献
8.
Susanne Bennett Ph.D. 《Clinical Social Work Journal》2006,34(2):215-226
Clinical implications and ethical dilemmas of the use of confidential case material in clinical writing are examined, including
a review of the discourse among professionals who publish clinical work. This literature is applied to a clinical illustration
of psychotherapy with a client who gave consent for publication and read the clinical write-up of her case material. It is
suggested that clinical writing may increase client “self-reflection” if there is a “secure base” of attachment between therapist/author
and the client. The impact on the client’s treatment process is examined, in addition to a discussion of ethical questions
and professional recommendations.
2Dr. Susanne Bennett is an Assistant Professor, National School of Social Service of the Catholic University of America. Dr.
Bennett is also a psychotherapist in private practice in Falls Church, VA. 相似文献
9.
Kerry S. Leavitt Sarah A. Gardner Mary M. Gallagher Gerald Schamess 《Clinical Social Work Journal》1998,26(1):55-71
Siblings who have suffered severe trauma and disrupted attachment relate to one another in ways that interfere with individual development, the chance to benefit from connections with adults, the establishment of healthy sibling relationships, and the working through of traumatic experiences. The authors use case examples to illustrate four distinct sibling patterns: absent, adult lockout, half and half, and trauma shield. The authors highlight the importance of recognizing these types and then varying the therapist's treatment stance to pursue five goals. These include suspending problematic sibling relationships to create room for bonding with caring adults, transferring attachment behaviors and impulses to a receptive adult, resuming healthy individual development, forming more adaptive sibling connections, and expressing shared traumatic content. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Social Work Practice》2012,26(3):299-314
Having demonstrated its credentials as one of the more elegant and robust conceptualisations of human relationships, attachment theory has considerable relevance to social work. Attachment‐based research has flourished over the past few years and it now includes an impressive array of studies across the lifespan. This article considers four different measures used in attachment‐based research, although more discussion is devoted to interview and projective measures because they specifically embrace a psychodynamic approach in their design and analytic focus. The aim of the article is to provide a brief overview of each measure and to offer some illustrative examples using practice‐related material. 相似文献