One parent or two? The intertwining of American marriage and fertility patterns

Marriage and fertility in the United States have become less firmly entwined as more women bear children without marrying and more couples with children divorce. Today a sizeable number of children are expected to spend a portion of their childhood in one-parent households. Despite the trends in illegitimacy and divorce, the actual effect of out-of-wedlock childbearing on the living arrangements of children has not been fully explicated. Using the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle III, this paper estimates the probability that children aged 0–13 in 1982 are living in two-parent households, controlling for their mothers' marital statuses at their births. We find that marital status at birth is an important predictor of household structure at later ages for both white and black populations; however, the childhood environment is actually quite elastic as women marry, divorce, remarry, and redivorce.     

甘肃省居民生育意愿与生育目的的调查研究

文章利用2007年调查数据,分析研究了甘肃省居民的生育意愿和生育目的。调查发现．随着经济的发展和社会的进步,甘肃省居民的意愿生育数量不断减少,已经略低于更替生育水平,男孩偏好的意愿生育性别倾向仍然广泛存在,期望生育一儿一女是大部分甘肃居民最为普遍的愿望,意愿妇女初育年龄不断推迟．生育目的呈现出多元化趋势,但养老送终、传宗接代仍是目前最重要的生育目的。     

“单独二孩”政策的利与弊

"单独二孩"政策有利有弊,其直接意义在于缓解"一个孩子"政策所带来的问题。该政策的积极效果表现在:可以适当提高生育水平;适当缓解中国人口年龄结构的老化;群众有更多自主选择生育的权利;家庭结构得到平衡发展;缓解出生人口漏报;缓解出生性别比过度偏高;缓解人口素质逆淘汰;推动计划生育工作综合改革。然而,由于政策的调整在一定程度上仍然属于"硬着陆",必然会带来一些问题,主要包括:近几年会出现符合单独二孩政策夫妇的集中生育;很多高危人群生育会导致孕产妇死亡率上升和出生缺陷发生率的上升;政策调整本身就带来了生育的不公平或机会的不平等。建议:用奖励的方式鼓励年轻妇女晚生育第二个孩子;设立高危妊娠咨询和指导中心;政府为无机会和能力再生育的家庭承担更多责任。     

生育法律规范中若干重要问题的立法研究

关于生育权、生育调节措施以及利益导向机制,中外立法的差异是客观存在的,分析比较它,会给我们正在完善的相关立法以启示和帮助.     

职业女性的生育二孩意愿--以上海市HP区楼宇就职女性为对象

以上海市中心城区HP区楼宇就职的白领育龄女性为研究对象,考察职业女性生育二孩的意愿,并对职业女性生育二孩意愿的主要特点和影响因素进行研究发现：经济成本、照料能力和福利水平是影响职业女性生育二孩意愿的主要因素,职场发展机会、生育后的地位变化及生育相关福利保障机制对职业女性的生育意愿也有显著影响。据此,建议尝试建立弹性工作制,采取有效措施支持女性职场提升,同时增加公共性育儿服务,以帮助职业女性平衡工作和家庭角色,为生育二孩者减轻后顾之忧。     

Effects of child support and welfare policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing and motherhood

This paper is an assessment of the impact of child support enforcement and welfare policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing and motherhood. We derive four hypotheses about the effects of policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing and motherhood. We propose that teenage motherhood and school enrollment are joint decisions for teenage girls. Based on individual trajectories during ages 12–19, our analysis uses an event history model for nonmarital teenage childbearing and a dynamic model of motherhood that is jointly determined with school enrollment. We find some evidence that child support policies indirectly reduce teen motherhood by increasing the probability of school enrollment, which, in turn, reduces the probability of teen motherhood. This finding suggests that welfare offices may wish to place greater weight on outreach programs that inform more teenagers of the existence of strong child support enforcement measures. Such programs might reduce nonmarital teen motherhood further and thus reduce the need for welfare support and child support enforcement in the long run.

20世纪90年代我国婚育模式的初步分析

20世纪90年代以来,中国女性人口的平均初婚年龄平稳缓慢上升,育龄妇女平均初育年龄在波动中小幅度上升,已婚育龄妇女的平均初婚初育间隔呈波动式扩大。     

基于EQ-5D量表的农村已婚育龄妇女健康相关生命质量评价

目的：评价农村已婚育龄妇女的生命质量,探索影响其生命质量的主要因素,提出相关政策建议。方法：应用欧洲生命质量量表（EQ-5D）的五维度测量体系及直观式健康量表（VAS）进行评价。结果：已婚育龄妇女的总体健康状况优于一般人群,妇科疾病是妇女的主要健康问题,在婚、受教育程度高且无慢性妇科病的已婚育龄妇女生命质量较高。结论：已婚育龄妇女要增强自身健康意识、调整好来自家庭与工作的压力。政府应该定期开展妇女病的普查工作,加大对女性受教育问题的重视,采取相应的政策措施,以提高妇女的生命质量。     

优化生育政策促进人口长期均衡发展的战略重点

“三孩政策”标志着生育政策的进一步优化,它为中国人口长期均衡发展提供了政策保障,在对新中国成立以来两次生育政策转型和优化分析的基础上,从人口长期均衡发展战略、人口问题的再认识、生育意愿和生育行为改变的视角分析中国生育政策优化的基础和内在动力。研究认为,优化生育政策不仅提升了人口出生率,缓解人口老龄化,减轻社会保障制度压力,而且将生育权回归家庭,是对家庭福利和人的全面发展的体现; 为此,在充分发挥“三孩”新人口政策作用的同时,还要有相应的配套措施,将构建共享型社会保障制度、保障女性的生育权和劳动就业权、增加人力资本投资等一体考虑,有助于新的优化生育政策的有效实施。     

Women's Marriage Behavior Following a Premarital Birth in Sub‐Saharan Africa

This study examines the relationship between premarital childbearing and the timing of women's entry into their first marriage in sub‐Saharan Africa. The study shows that African women who have a premarital birth generally experience later transitions to marriage than do their childless peers. Although the birth of a child precipitates a quicker transition to marriage initially, unmarried mothers, on average, marry at older ages than their childless peers and remain single for between 2 and 14 years. Evidence from a subsample of countries confirms that the time between having a child and first marriage has lengthened slightly in some countries; however, this reflects mainly the overall trend toward later marriage, rather than a further bifurcation of the marital trajectories of mothers versus childless women. The study raises policy concerns about the welfare of Africa's single mothers and their children.