从动机角度看亲社会行为、助人行为、利他行为的关系

从动机角度分析了以往研究中亲社会行为、助人行为、利他行为定义等同或是模糊的原因,即定义等同缘于不考虑动机问题,定义模糊缘于考虑动机性质问题;通过以往从动机角度对亲社会行为、助人行为、利他行为关系两种概括方式的评析,提出按照广义和狭义的角度来对三种行为进行定义并概括它们之间关系的建议。     

亲社会行为培养:加强青少年思想道德建设的重要途径

亲社会行为是一种以利他性和亲和性为特质的人类行为,是道德行为的重要组成部分和最基础的行为表征.通过加强培养亲社会行为,可以克服以往青少年思想道德建设中由于忽视行为训练而导致的青少年道德认知效果差和知行脱节的弊病.培养青少年亲社会行为的方法有:角色扮演法、榜样示范法、归因训练法、行为激励法等.     

环境行为引发的公众困境及心理调节

环境保护与人类发展之间面临着三种公众困境：一是哈丁“公地悲剧”的困境,也被普拉特称为公众陷阱,二是自我陷阱,三是失落英雄陷阱。必须运用打破公共困境的措施需要综合运用环境行为的心理调节机制：增强态度与环境行为的一致性;从利他动机导向亲环境行为;公共资源的结构性调整。     

4—6岁幼儿同伴交往能力量表的编制

本研究在综合国内外有关幼儿同伴交往研究的基础上 ,结合教师对幼儿交往行为描述的开放式问卷 ,编制了适合我国幼儿特点的《4— 6岁幼儿同伴交往能力量表》。经过预测后修订组成正式量表 ,共计 2 4个项目 ,施测于南京市 11所幼儿园的 4— 6岁 5 43名幼儿。因素分析结果验证了本量表 4个因素的存在 ,即 :社交主动性、语言和非语言交往能力、社交障碍、亲社会行为 ,从而验证了最初的结构预想。本研究着重考察了该量表的信度和效度 ,其中总量表与各分量表的同质性信度在 0 .80 31— 0 .92 85之间。对量表内容效度和结构效度检验也取得令人满意的结果。     

The emergence of social enterprises through the initiative of self-organized citizens: an analysis starting from Olson's approach to the logic of collective action

This article provides indirect empirical evidence with which to verify whether the logic of collective action maintained by Olson represents a sound theoretical approach to social enterprises. Our hypothesis is that, if a positive effect of participation in social enterprises on pro-social attitudes of members exists, when considering these organizations we should move from the approach proposed by Olson to the one proposed by Putnam, in the Tocqueville tradition. Overall, the existing empirical and experimental evidence seems to suggest that Putnam's approach to voluntary organizations is better able than Olson's to capture the organizational behavior of social enterprises, confirming that initiatives by self-organized citizens should be considered a possible convincing explanation for their emergence.     

Engaging for a social licence to operate (SLO)

Organizations - in free and relatively free market economies - depend on permission to operate being granted by stakeholders. This often-tacit permission functions as a social licence and reflects an organization’s ability to engage with its stakeholders to identify and respond to their demands and expectations. Research suggests the generation of a social licence to operate (SLO) and its reputational benefits depends on the quality of organization-stakeholder relationships, but limited attention to how this occurs has been given in the public relations literature. This paper explores two organizational approaches to building SLO – pro-self and pro-social – and considers the role of public relations and engagement in achieving, maintaining, and repairing SLO.     

A note on the modelling and interpretation of a public goods game experiment

This paper presents an alternative interpretation of an experimental public goods game dataset, particularly on the understanding of the observed antisocial behaviour phenomenon between subjects of a public goods experiment in different cities around the world. The anonymous nature of contributions and punishments in this experiment are taken into account to interpret results. This is done by analysing dynamic behaviour in terms of mean contributions across societies and their association with antisocial punishment. By taking into account the heterogeneity between the cities in which the public goods experiment has been performed, this analysis shows a contrasting interpretation. Instead of one trend across cities, two opposite trends are seen across different cities. In addition, we find that the presence of these trends to have an impact on the role of antisocial and pro-social behaviour in public goods games. When accounting for these trends, the antisocial and pro-social behaviour is found to have a significant role in Western societies.     

The impact of affectivity on the behaviour of Portuguese adolescents / El impacto de la afectividad en la conducta de los adolescentes portugueses

The theoretical literature about affectivity shows its influence over positive and negative behaviour. This study analyses the impact of affectivity on the behaviour of Portuguese adolescents, as this knowledge is considered relevant to promoting skills and decreasing risky behaviours in adolescents. A total of 696 students (M = 15.22 years old; SD = 1.4) participated in this study by responding to the PANAS-N (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) and SDQ (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). The former measures the level of affect while the latter measures prosocial behaviours, emotional symptoms and behavioural problems. The results showed that positive affect positively influences prosocial behaviour. Emotional symptoms and behaviour problems are negatively affected by positive affect, and positive symptoms and behaviours by negative affect. Moreover, boys had higher scores on behaviour problems, while girls had higher scores in prosocial behaviour and emotional symptoms. For these reasons, affectivity should be considered in programmes to reduce behaviour problems and emotional symptoms.     

3-6岁幼儿自由活动时间亲社会行为性别差异研究

采用自然观察的方法,对103名3-6岁幼儿进行为期一周的观察记录,对各年龄阶段幼儿自由活动时间中亲社会行为类型的性别差异进行了探讨,研究结果表明1、各年龄阶段幼儿亲社会行为之间存在显著差异,即幼儿亲社会行为随年龄增长而增多;2、幼儿亲社会行为总体上性别差异不显著,但就每个类型的亲社会行为来看,分享和安慰存在显著的性别差异,其他行为性别差异不显著.     

公众助人的冷漠与助人者的出路

对于老人跌倒"该扶还是不该扶"这一社会现象,文章从"该不该扶"、"愿不愿扶"、"敢不敢扶"和"会不会扶"等微观视角进行了递进层次分析。认为应该从强化道德建设,从育人层面引导人民应对义务;营造助人氛围,从舆论层面引领社会主义风尚;确立制度规范,从制度层面确保助人者的权益;抓好技术训练,从手段层面教会人们科学助人等方面着手强化公众的道德认同,从而促进公众理性的道德实践。