社会生物学视野中的人

本文简要论述了作为达尔文主义新发展的社会生物学在基因水平上力图恢复人的自然本质的努力,并分析了这种把人向基因的还原对人在自然界中的地位的影响,以及这种还原使人对自身及社会科学观念的改变.     

社会生物学视野中的人

本文简要论述了作为达尔文主义新发展的社会生物学在基因水平上力图恢复人的自然本质的努力,这种把人向基因的还原对人在自然界中的地位的影响,以及这种对人自身认识的还原将在何种程度上冲击社会科学有关人本性的传统观念。     

进化论在社会科学中的应用及其问题

由于达尔文进化论所描述的进化过程没有明确的目标,因而它承担不了说明和指导道德行为的重任。在生物学决定论问题上,社会生物学提出的问题没有考虑到在实际中很难分清到底是遗传还是环境塑造了人的品性。当今对人类独特性的刻意标榜与人类主体性意识的极度膨胀是互为因果的。只有将人类当做自然的一个环节,才有望避免由于人的主体性意识的无限膨胀而造成的种种不良恶果。那种将进化当成是一个从低级到高级的前进发展过程的观点,既不是达尔文的进化论,也不是现代的科学成果,而不过是启蒙运动以来所一直信奉的乐观主义进步论而已。     

Looking Forward in Candidate Gene Research: Concerns and Suggestions

Candidate Gene × Environment (cGxE) interaction research holds promise for helping us understand for whom and why environments matter for families and development. In their commentary on our target article (G. L. Schlomer, G. M. Fosco, H. H. Cleveland, D. J. Vandenbergh, & M. E. Feinberg, 2015), J. E. Salvatore and D. M. Dick (2015) present their view of the current state and future of cGxE research and frame the debate regarding its merits for advancing knowledge of gene–environment interplay. In this reply, we discuss points of agreement and departure and provide a list of 5 domains by which the quality of cGxE research should be evaluated. Our hope is that researchers will use this list as a guide for their own work.     

为共同人性辩护

通过区分种族与人性,作者指出种族是一个非科学的概念,而所有的人种都有一个共同的起源,所以把人类分成不同的种族而否认有共同人性是错误的.作者通过分析社会生物学和进化心理学的人性论,指出人类共同的和固定的心理机制和与之相应的多样的、变化的社会行为模式,是每一个人类个体都具有的适应性特征,这就是共同的人性.     

Revisiting the biological perspective in the use of biopsychosocial assessments in social work

ABSTRACT

The call for increased attention to the biopsychosocial perspective in social work practice is now decades old in the USA. And yet the challenge of teaching and learning from this perspective for those with limited background in biology calls for more inter-disciplinary examples to assist students with the process of engaging in theory-informed practice. In addition to identifying the key elements of human biology, this review of the literature focuses on four examples of client behaviors that receive little or no attention in most current textbooks on the inter-disciplinary nature of human behavior in the social environment; namely, the psychobiology of sleep, the sociobiology of eating, the neurobiology of post-partum depression, and the behavioral endocrinology of menopause. This review concludes with implications for practice.     

Interparental Relationship Sensitivity Leads to Adolescent Internalizing Problems: Different Genotypes,Different Pathways

Several studies have established that child interparental conflict evaluations link parent relationship functioning and adolescent adjustment. Using differential susceptibility theory and its vantage sensitivity complement as their framework, the authors examined differences between adolescents who vary in the DRD4 7 repeat genotype (i.e., 7+ vs. 7?) in how both interparental conflict and positivity affect adolescents' evaluations of interparental conflict (i.e., threat appraisals) and how these evaluations affect internalizing problems. Results from longitudinal multiple‐group path models using PROSPER data (N = 452) supported the hypothesis that threat appraisals for 7+ adolescents would be more affected by perceptions of interparental positivity compared to 7? adolescents; however, threat appraisals for 7+ adolescents were also less affected by interparental conflict. Among 7? adolescents, interparental conflict perceptions were associated with higher threat appraisals, and no association was found for perceptions of positivity. For adolescents of both genotypes, higher threat was associated with greater internalizing problems.     

Why most sociologists don't (and won't) think evolutionarily

The general failure of sociologists to understand, much less accept, an evolutionary perspective on human behavior transcends mere ignorance and ideological bias, although it incorporates a good deal of both. It also includes a general anthropocentric discomfort with evolutionary thinking, a self-interested resistance to self-understanding, and a trained sociological incapacity to accept the fundamental canons of scientific theory construction: reductionism, individualism, materialism, and parsimony.     

Saints or Sinners: Sociobiological Theories of Male Homosexuality

In response to Christian conservative political action, some gay rights advocates have embraced a biological argument. The argument maintains that because homosexuality may have a biological basis, homosexuals should be protected from discrimination. This essay questions the efficacy of this argumentative strategy. The essay demonstrates that biological theories about male homosexuality may not facilitate the efforts of gay rights advocates. In fact, the sociobiological theories analyzed in this essay represent male homosexuality as a state of effeminate pathology. Furthermore, because these sociobiological theories are underdetermined, they are particularly vulnerable to political manipulation. For these reasons, sexual minorities should be cautious about embracing biological arguments in order to secure greater social and political freedoms.