韦伯理性官僚制范畴的再认识

以官僚制原理为基础的传统公共行政模式被认为正被一种以管理为取向的新典范所取代 ,韦伯关于官僚制的经典分析也日益受到批评和怀疑。批评者从官僚制组织低效率和功能失调的现实出发 ,指责韦伯官僚制理论违反经验事实。文章认为 ,批评者以“效率”替代了韦伯理性官僚制理论中“理性”这一中心概念 ,需要新审视这些批评及其结论。韦伯理性官僚制概念的意义不在于提供对现象的细节描述 ,而在于其作为分析工具的价值。     

The complexity of diversity and importance for equitable philanthropy

The current U.S. climate of racial and social injustice has prompted a renewed call for diverse and equitable ways to rethink community philanthropy. Community foundations are vehicles for community philanthropy which offer vast benefits for social improvement and community development. The board of directors ensures these organizations fulfill their mission, making decisions on funding priorities and holding the organization functionally and fiscally responsible. Drawing on constructs of diversity and representative bureaucracy and a case study of Florida community foundations, we suggest that diversity is understood in different ways and the presence of diverse board members may be linked to advancing the interests of diverse communities and in achieving outcomes that assist in the needs of certain social groups. Increased understanding of diversity can improve foundation and philanthropic effectiveness and bring broader social change by promoting equity and social justice among community‐based philanthropic organizations.     

Measures of accountability and delegated discretion in activation work: lessons from the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Service

Activation work – the complex task of motivating, compelling and assisting marginalized citizens into labour market participation – pinpoints critical issues of discretion and accountability in the welfare state. Investigating accountability measures aimed at ensuring qualified discretionary judgements is therefore important. In this article, I discuss the reformed Norwegian Labour and Welfare Service and the accountability measures aimed at discretionary judgements of frontline workers. The conclusion is that, because activation tasks in the Norwegian frontline service imply professional discretion more than administrative discretion, structural measures aimed at restricting the discretionary space of frontline workers seem to have only limited impact. This is because the knowledge necessary to perform means – end judgements is insufficient. Rather, there seems to be a need for epistemic measures aimed at improving the knowledge base for professional discretionary reasoning.     

应急管理中缘何出现“信息悖论”现象?——基于中国国家治理视角的考察

信息是国家治理的重要依据。中国国家治理常规机制与运动式治理机制间的矛盾深刻地体现在了日常管理与应急管理的差异之中。当下的治理逻辑必然地要求日常管理采取科层制的非人格化管理模式，对直接上级的负责制形塑了信息沿纵向逐级向上衰减的常规信息传递机制。但在应急管理机制之下，上级应对突发事件的精准决策却有赖于对真实信息的掌握，而常规机制所带来的表象性避责策略则会削弱上级的决策准确性，由此这一张力进一步形塑了中国国家治理在应急管理机制中的“信息悖论”现象。      

改造官僚行政:西方公共行政的理论探索

过去一个世纪是官僚行政迅速发展的历史,也是其不断遭到批判和改造的历史。本文从官僚行政的形成与缺陷出发,分析了新公共行政、新公共管理和新公共服务三个西方主要的公共行政理论对传统官僚行政的批判与反思,以期对我们正确认识官僚行政和我国公共行政学的理论研究有所启示。     

执政党克服脱离群众倾向的有效途径

在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期,邓小平关于反对官僚主义、防止和克服脱离群众倾向的理论和实践,丰富和发展了党的群众路线。其主要贡献在于：第一,总结了党反对官僚主义斗争的经验教训,强调必须从体制上解决执政党的官僚主义问题;第二,密切关注新形势下剥削阶级腐朽思想作风对党的侵蚀,要求坚决惩治腐败,加强廉政建设;第三,为了保证永不脱离群众,在领导全党形成系统完备、行之有效的规章制度方面作出巨大努力。     

企业组织内的科层制与关系网络

在马克斯.韦伯"理想类型"的基础上,分析科层制的特征及其反功能,探讨现代企业组织内部科层制关系与关系网络之间的关系以及二者的相互关系对企业效率的重要性。     

“树亮点”:基层治理中政策信息环境的塑造——G镇打造“亮点村”的案例分析

村社社会资本是基层政府政策调配和落地的客观条件。基层政府的层级性和科层属性使其并不能够直接了解村社层面的政策信息环境,因而导致政策精细化遭遇困境。而村社主动展示“亮点”,能够为基层政府的政策调适提供必要信息,形成以村社为核心从下至上对科层组织注意力的反向吸纳。在G镇的“亮点村”案例分析中发现：(1)村社通过聚焦基层政府的项目预期方向,对接村社条件禀赋,并细化政策目标价值的真实性、本土性,能够作为亮点绩效来获得科层组织青睐;(2)村社通过自我动员有效解决了项目落地的前置难题,抑制了科层主导项目分配的信息障碍,使得政府获取政策绩效的风险降低;(3)科层的属事责任压力使其必然要注意到村社社会资本对于政策执行的积极作用,因而采取对接村社需求的方式来达成积极合谋。村社通过展示“亮点”来吸引科层项目分配的注意力,使得政策分配更为聚焦,调适了政策精准度。此现象是我国基层政府治理中政策目标与社会需求对接的一种逆科层的实践,体现出政策民本主义价值。     

Professional discretion and length of work experience: what findings from focus groups with care managers in elder care suggest

ABSTRACT

Research has explored how care managers in elder care – who often function as ‘street-level bureaucrats’ – regard professional discretion. The way in which length of work experience affects care managers’ use of professional discretion remains, however, unexplored. This article present findings from 12 focus groups with 60 care managers. By bringing attention to how care managers experience the needs assessment process, this article sheds light on how these ‘street-level bureaucrats’ struggle when they try to balance their clients’ needs against institutional frameworks and local guidelines. Length of work experience seems to play a role in how care managers claim to use professional discretion. Experienced care managers describe how they deviate from the guidelines at times in order to create an increased scope of action in their decision-making process. Those with less time in the profession describe greater difficulties in this respect. Findings suggest that research should explore if length of work experience plays a role in the actual way in which care managers assess needs and make decisions. As such, they contribute to our understanding of how needs assessment processes are navigated by professionals while also pointing towards the nature of professional discretion in gerontological social work.     

网络治理：网络社会视阈下治理范式跃迁的新愿景

上世纪80年代以来,随着交通、通信与信息技术的发展,人类社会进入一个全球化大变革（global transformation）的时代。全球化时代的一种鲜明的历史趋势就是新的信息技术正以全球的工具性网络整合着世界资源。以这种网络化的新信息技术范式为基础,一种新的社会形态——网络社会（network society）正在形成。与此相呼应,人类社会的治理模式也在进行着重铸,治理由单个主体转变为网络整体,一种超越传统的科层治理与市场治理的新范式——网络治理（networkgovernance）正在全球范围内舒枝展叶。