Adherence to three different strategies to prevent early onset GBS infection in newborns

ProblemDespite the introduction of preventive guidelines, no decrease in the incidence of early onset infection was observed.BackgroundEarly onset group B streptococcal (EOGBS) infection is an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality.AimOur study was conducted to determine adherence to three guideline-based group B streptococcus (GBS) preventive strategies.MethodsA prospective experimental study clustered by obstetric collaboration region was performed between March 2013 and August 2014 among midwives, obstetricians and paediatricians in the Netherlands. At baseline, the three regions operated according to the Dutch preventive strategy (founded on the risk-based strategy) in order to prevent EOGBS infection, whereas in the study period they followed either the risk-based, the combination or the Dutch strategy. Adherence was measured prospectively per pregnant woman, using predefined core elements of each preventive strategy: identification of risk factors, maternal GBS screening, application of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis and observation of the child. Data about adherence to the core elements were collected from medical records, maternal questionnaires and laboratory test results.FindingsIn the three regions, a total of 121 care providers and 1562 women participated.We found an overall adherence of 90% to the risk-based strategy, 57% to the combination strategy and 89% to the Dutch strategy. Adherence to a strategy in case women had EOGBS risk factors was below 20% in all strategies.DiscussionThe majority of women with EOGBS risk factors did not receive the care prescribed by any of three preventive strategies and were not treated optimally.ConclusionThe risk-based and the Dutch strategy are the recommended strategies for implementation.     

萧红与20世纪中国女性文学

萧红是20世纪中国女性文学最杰出的代表性作家之一,与冰心、丁玲、张爱玲等作家相比,其独特性和不可替代性主要表现为三点第一,没有局限于知识女性的狭窄视野,避免陷入女性文学的精英主义误区,自觉为中国最广大下层女性代言,执著关注中国下层妇女的生存状态和人生悲剧;第二,始终如一地坚持以女性视角和女性生命体验来描绘普通女性生存真相并对她们寄寓着深切悲悯,体现出独立、清醒、深刻的现代女性意识;第三,拓展、丰富、深化了20世纪中国女性文学的表现内涵,提高了其审美品格.     

20世纪清代学术史研究回顾

20世纪清代学术史的研究历程可分为三个阶段。前半期 ,梁启超、钱穆等资产阶级史学家在研究中 ,力戒门户之见 ,注重揭示各种学术思潮与流派兴衰的内在因果关系 ,重视汇通中西文化的学术思想及方法论的探讨 ;中后期 ,以侯外庐等为代表的马克思主义史学家用历史唯物主义的理论和方法 ,清理发掘了清代学术史中丰富的思想文化遗产 ;近二十年来 ,清代学术史研究取得了辉煌的成就 ,开拓了许多新的研究领域 ,内容涉及对清代学术史的专题研究 ,也有对清代某个学者的个案研究     

B2C电子商务败因:创新范式研究

B2C电子商务的发展经历了泡沫-失败-复苏的周期,深刻分析其失败的原因,对于今后B2C的发展是有指导意义的。B2C商务模式是一种创新行为,B2C的失败是一种创新行为的失败。本文采用创新理论框架对其失败的原因进行分析。     

A class of count models and a new consistent test for the Poisson distribution

We define a class of count distributions which includes the Poisson as well as many alternative count models. Then the empirical probability generating function is utilized to construct a test for the Poisson distribution, which is consistent against this class of alternatives. The limit distribution of the test statistic is derived in case of a general underlying distribution, and efficiency considerations are addressed. A simulation study indicates that the new test is comparable in performance to more complicated omnibus tests.     

Lower bounds on expectations of positive L-statistics from without-replacement models

We consider samples drawn without replacement from finite populations. We establish optimal lower non-negative and upper non-positive bounds on the expectations of linear combinations of order statistics centered about the population mean in units generated by the population central absolute moments of various orders. We also specify the general results for important examples of sample extremes, Gini mean differences and sample range. The paper completes the results of Papadatos and Rychlik [2004. Bounds on expectations of L-statistics from without replacement samples. J. Statist. Plann. Inference 124, 317–336], where sharp negative lower and positive upper bounds on the expectations of the combinations were presented for the without-replacement samples.     

Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test for stratified samples and Efron's paradox dice

Two-treatment multi-center clinical trials are the most common type of clinical trials in practice. The aim of this paper is to discuss a curious property of certain standard nonparametric procedures used in the analysis of such clinical trials. Different analyses of a simulated data example are presented, which lead to contrasting and surprising results. The source of the potentially misleading outcome is then explored while relating the simulated data with the concept of Efron's paradox dice and the notion of nontransitivity. With the root of the problem established, an alternate nonparametric method from the literature is shown to address the problem. Finally, pointing out an interpretational concern of using the alternate procedure, a modification to this procedure is also suggested and corresponding theoretical results are presented.     

用于1553总线控制器的存储管理单元设计

从消息队列的数据存储结构定义、存储空间规划和控制过程设计三方面讨论了MIL-STD-1553/1773总线控制器的设计实现。在总线控制器的模块化设计方案中,这三个方面构成了总线控制器的核心模块棗存储管理单元,应用该方案可实现具有多消息自动处理功能的总线控制器。     

论20世纪中国文学的古典性

20世纪中国文学是伴随着20世纪中国社会的思想革命、政治革命、经济革命和文化革命,承接着具有两千多年深厚文化底蕴的中国古典文学传统发展起来的。由于这些现代革命的不彻底性,中国文化和文学中的古典审美思想和美学诉求并没有得到根本改造,而作为新的审美诉求的现代性质素始终没有得到健康持续的培育,这使得20世纪中国文学呈现出较浓的载道性、外向功利性和正剧色彩三大古典审美特征。