碳强度目标:演进、理由与实现

碳强度目标是关于未来要达到的温室气体排放强度的国家承诺。研究碳强度目标对于认识和实现中国气候承诺具有重要意义。严格性、约束力和覆盖范围是碳强度目标的关键要素。碳强度目标具有坚实的理论基础和深刻的现实背景,至少具有与温室气体数量目标同等重要的地位。降低碳强度需要降低温室气体的边际弹性或国民生产总值的边际碳强度,需要将国家碳强度目标分解到行业和企业,还要建立碳排放交易制度。     

Two-step estimation for inhomogeneous spatial point processes

Summary.  The paper is concerned with parameter estimation for inhomogeneous spatial point processes with a regression model for the intensity function and tractable second-order properties ( K -function). Regression parameters are estimated by using a Poisson likelihood score estimating function and in the second step minimum contrast estimation is applied for the residual clustering parameters. Asymptotic normality of parameter estimates is established under certain mixing conditions and we exemplify how the results may be applied in ecological studies of rainforests.     

Proportional Trapping-Removal Model with a Known Ratio

ABSTRACT

Population size estimator is derived for a proportional trapping-removal model with a known ratio between two sub-population sizes, and the corresponding asymptotic properties is obtained. The performance of the proposed estimator is checked via simulation studies and an example.     

Hungarian verbal puzzles and the intensity of language contact

Grammaticality judgments of bilingual Hungarians in Slovakia and Ukraine vs. Yugoslavia show that overt objects are much more acceptable in the northern Slavic countries than in Yugoslavia. Two conflicting hypotheses have been advanced to explain this difference. The structural hypothesis claims that Serbian cliticization is responsible, while the socio-historical hypothesis claims that the difference in grammaticality judgments is due to a difference in the duration of Hungarian–Slavic language contact north of and south of present-day Hungary. Data from a seven-country survey (N = 846) show that there is a split between judgments in the northern vs. southern Slavic countries across a wide range of linguistic variables, which discredits the structural explanation for the object pro-drop variable, at least as the sole cause of change. Moreover, statistical analyses of 24 variables provide substantial empirical verification of Thomason and Kaufman's 'two crucial parameters of intensity of contact in a borrowing situation': time and level of bilingualism. It is shown that the 250 years of contact between Hungarian and Serbian has resulted in much smaller contact effects than the thousand-year-old contact of Hungarian with the northern Slavic languages. Bilingual Hungarians who constitute a local minority in the settlements where they live systematically favor the contact-induced variants of variables vis-a`-vis those who constitute a local majority.     

对外贸易隐含SO2测算及影响因素的结构分解分析

 本研究根据中国2002、2005、2007年非竞争型投入产出表、OECD的国外投入产出表和GTAP Version 7.0的SO2排放强度等数据,利用多国投入产出模型方法测算了中国对外贸易中隐含SO2,相关的行业结构分布以及隐含污染物在主要贸易伙伴国的贸易流向,并通过结构分解方法分析了三大因素对出口贸易隐污染物的贡献大小。研究结果表明：2002年至2007年间,我国对外贸易创造了巨大贸易顺差,同时也带来了大量隐含SO2顺差;迅速增长的贸易规模是出口贸易隐含污染物增加的主要因素,但是,环境保护和节能减排技术改进导致的SO2排放强度下降抑制出口贸易隐含SO2增加,而投入产出中间结构变化对其影响较小。     

我国能源强度变化的影响因素分析及其实证研究

以1990-2008年能源强度统计数据为样本,利用脉冲响应函数与方差分解模型,对能源强度变化影响因素的动态作用特征及其影响效果进行了研究。实证结果表明：能源强度自身与第二产业比重对能源强度影响程度较大,能源价格变动与技术进步也对能源强度有一定影响,影响因素共同通过内在联结关系与相互作用机制,能够对提高能源效率起到积极作用。     

Structural and contextual approaches to ambidexterity: A meta-analysis of organizational and environmental contingencies

This meta-analysis examines the conditions under which structural and contextual approaches help balance exploration and exploitation. Drawing on heterogeneous samples of prior ambidexterity studies, we apply moderated meta-analytic regression methods to 33,492 organizations sampled in 114 primary studies from 1991 to 2017 to test a contingency model. Our findings suggest that structural separation helps firms of all sizes to balance exploration and exploitation, and that structural separation is more conducive for balancing exploration and exploitation in high technology environments. Also, avoiding a structural separation approach benefits service firms. As research on ambidexterity enters the maturity stage we discuss the implications for future theory development, methodology, and for managers interested in developing ambidextrous organizations.     

On the intensity of downside risk aversion

The degree of downside risk aversion (or equivalently prudence) is so far usually measured by . We propose here another measure, , which has specific and interesting local and global properties. Some of these properties are to a wide extent similar to those of the classical measure of absolute risk aversion, which is not always the case for . It also appears that the two measures are not mutually exclusive. Instead, they seem to be rather complementary as shown through an economic application dealing with a simple general equilibrium model of savings.

The Effect of Board of Directors’ IT Awareness on CIO Compensation and Firm Performance

Chief information officers (CIOs) play increasingly strategic roles in firms in this competitive global economy, which is now largely powered by information technology (IT). However, research has shown a lack of board of directors’ oversight on CIO‐ and IT‐related issues. Drawing on agency, resource dependence, and alignment theories, we investigate the effect of board of directors’ IT awareness on CIO compensation structure and firm performance. We conduct cross‐sectional time series analyses of data collected from various sources. Our study underlines three important findings. First, we show that some commonly known executive compensation determinants, such as individual characteristics and governance structure, do not have significant effects on CIO compensation structure. Second, with regard to CIO compensation structure, firms respond to increasing information asymmetry differently according to the level of IT awareness of their boards. Finally, firms perform better when their boards have higher levels of IT awareness, and this positive effect of IT awareness is considerably larger in IT intensive industries. Overall, our study provides empirical support for the important role of boards’ IT awareness in shaping CIO compensation and improving firm performance. Our results suggest that boards with functional area knowledge—or higher IT awareness in this case—can more effectively monitor and better incentivize executives, and consequently lead to better firm performance.