永泰县城区空气中主要污染物类别及其影响因素分析

经监测,永泰县城区大气污染物主要为PMl0、PM2.5、O3,影响O3的因素主要有汽车尾气排放、日照,PMl0、PM2.5浓度大小除与车流量、烟花爆竹燃放相关外,还与降水、风速等气象因素密切关联。针对这些影响因素,该文提出了相应的防治措施。     

多中心治理视阈下的PM2.5治理模式建构的思考

雾霾空气中存在的PM2.5 严重威胁公民的生存,引发全民对其高度关注与讨论.从公共管理角度思考PM2.5 问题背后隐藏的深层次问题.新兴的多中心权力理论为“公地悲剧”的治理开辟新的道路,并彰显着单中心权力难以企及的优势.从制度建立、相互监督、可信承诺三个维度,探讨多中心治理模式解决PM2.5 的制度保障.探索性地提出PM2.5 问题的多中心治理架构,并提出具体的解决措施.     

A transnational networked public sphere of air pollution: analysis of a Twitter network of PM2.5 from the risk society perspective

ABSTRACT

Drawing on digitaltrace data, publicly accessible government documents, and journalistic reports, this research integrates Beck’s risk society theory with digital media theories to examine the mediated process of risk definition and assessment of PM2.5 (particulate matters with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers) in a networked public sphere. Network and content analysis of a PM2.5 Twitter network shows that political and professional elite remained the most powerful producers of risk definition. Established media played a key role, yet faced challenges from a variety of actors who disseminated and filtered information. Laypersons, while peripheral, actively interacted with elite and established media. The blurring geographic boundary in the PM2.5 Twitter network revealed an emerging transnational public sphere, which, however, was segregated by language. This research advances a layered understanding of the contingent, paradoxical media impact for social changes in a risk society.     

Empirical study of robust estimation methods for PAR models with application to the air quality area

Abstract

This paper compares three estimators for periodic autoregressive (PAR) models. The first is the classical periodic Yule-Walker estimator (YWE). The second is a robust version of YWE (RYWE) which uses the robust autocovariance function in the periodic Yule-Walker equations, and the third is the robust least squares estimator (RLSE) based on iterative least squares with robust versions of the original time series. The daily mean particulate matter concentration (PM10) data is used to illustrate the methodologies in a real application, that is, in the Air Quality area.     

1-苯基环己硅烷类液晶化合物的量子化学研究──联苯基乙烷系列

运用ＰＭ３ 和ＡＭ１ 两种ＳＣＦ－ ＭＯ 方法，通过能量梯度全优化计算，给出了５ 种１－ 苯基环己硅烷类液晶化合物的稳定几何构型、电子结构和生成热、偶极矩等基本性质，并联系有机电子结构理论进行了讨论     

灰霾天气对人体健康的危害

灰霾是颗粒物和气体污染物导致的可察觉到的能见度降低的污染天气现象。近年来,随着城市化进程的快速发展,城市大气污染加剧,灰霾天气也随之增多。介绍了灰霾天气的形成过程、化学成分及其危害,并从流行病学等角度出发,对灰霾天气对人体健康效应的研究成果进行了综述。     

Commentary: Flawed Scientific-Evidence Standards Delay Diesel Regulations

Of 188 government-monitored air toxics, diesel particulate matter (DPM) causes seven times more cancer than all the other 187 air toxics combined, including benzene, lead, and mercury. Yet, DPM is the only air toxic not regulated more stringently under the Clean Air Act, as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP). One reason is that regulators use flawed standards of scientific evidence. The article argues (1) that DPM meets all six specified evidentiary criteria, any one of which is sufficient for HAP regulation and (2) that regulators’ standards of evidence for denying HAP status to DPM (no DPM unit-risk estimate, inadequate dose-response data, alleged weak mechanistic data) err logically and scientifically, set the evidence bar too high, delay regulation, and allow 21,000 avoidable DPM deaths annually in the U.S.     

交通可达性与空气污染:效应识别与机制检验

中国雾霾污染呈现出发生频率高、影响范围广、治理难度大的特点,其发生原因及治理路径是政府和学者关注的热点问题。雾霾的产生会受到人类社会经济活动的影响,而近年来中国以高速铁路建设为代表的交通基础设施建设促进了城市间交通可达性的快速提升,有文献开始讨论高铁建设及交通可达性提升对经济产出、产业结构等经济发展的影响,但限于数据的可得性,未见文献讨论高铁及城市间交通可达性对雾霾污染的影响。研究将交通可达性纳入环境经济学的分析框架,首先从要素配置效应、产业升级效应、产业集聚效应三个方面提出交通可达性影响雾霾污染的理论假说,并基于环境库兹涅茨曲线理论框架构建空间计量模型,计算城市间的公路、普通铁路及高速铁路出行的最短交通时间作为交通可达性的量化方法,利用中国大陆283个地级城市MODIS及MISR中PM2.5浓度的栅格数据,对城市间的交通可达性及城市雾霾污染指标进行空间相关关系检验,检验交通可达性对雾霾污染的影响,讨论模型的内生性及异质性,并进一步分析交通可达性对雾霾污染的作用机制。研究发现城市间的雾霾污染存在显著的空间溢出效应,经济发展与雾霾污染间存在倒“U”型关系,证实了环境库兹涅茨曲线;经验结论...     

Miscommunicating Risk,Uncertainty, and Causation: Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality Risk as an Example

A recent paper in this journal (Fann et al., 2012) estimated that “about 80,000 premature mortalities would be avoided by lowering PM_2.5 levels to 5 μg/m³ nationwide” and that 2005 levels of PM_2.5 cause about 130,000 premature mortalities per year among people over age 29, with a 95% confidence interval of 51,000 to 200,000 premature mortalities per year.⁽¹⁾ These conclusions depend entirely on misinterpreting statistical coefficients describing the association between PM_2.5 and mortality rates in selected studies and models as if they were known to be valid causal coefficients. But they are not, and both the expert opinions of EPA researchers and analysis of data suggest that a true value of zero for the PM_2.5 mortality causal coefficient is not excluded by available data. Presenting continuous confidence intervals that exclude the discrete possibility of zero misrepresents what is currently known (and not known) about the hypothesized causal relation between changes in PM_2.5 levels and changes in mortality rates, suggesting greater certainty about projected health benefits than is justified.     

Evaluating Efficiency-Equality Tradeoffs for Mobile Source Control Strategies in an Urban Area

In environmental risk management, there are often interests in maximizing public health benefits (efficiency) and addressing inequality in the distribution of health outcomes. However, both dimensions are not generally considered within a single analytical framework. In this study, we estimate both total population health benefits and changes in quantitative indicators of health inequality for a number of alternative spatial distributions of diesel particulate filter retrofits across half of an urban bus fleet in Boston, Massachusetts. We focus on the impact of emissions controls on primary fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) emissions, modeling the effect on PM_2.5 concentrations and premature mortality. Given spatial heterogeneity in baseline mortality rates, we apply the Atkinson index and other inequality indicators to quantify changes in the distribution of mortality risk. Across the different spatial distributions of control strategies, the public health benefits varied by more than a factor of two, related to factors such as mileage driven per day, population density near roadways, and baseline mortality rates in exposed populations. Changes in health inequality indicators varied across control strategies, with the subset of optimal strategies considering both efficiency and equality generally robust across different parametric assumptions and inequality indicators. Our analysis demonstrates the viability of formal analytical approaches to jointly address both efficiency and equality in risk assessment, providing a tool for decisionmakers who wish to consider both issues.