四级写作低分段评分样本的功能分析

为了客观、系统地研究大学英语四级低分段写作的基本语法和文体特点 ,有必要从系统功能语法的角度对评分样本进行统计分析。系统功能语法比传统语法具有诸多的优越性 ,能够全面细致地对语言现象进行分析。对评分样本的分析 ,有助于客观地研究克服经验主义倾向     

Loss functions for estimation of extrema with an application to disease mapping

It is often of interest to find the maximum or near maxima among a set of vector‐valued parameters in a statistical model; in the case of disease mapping, for example, these correspond to relative‐risk “hotspots” where public‐health intervention may be needed. The general problem is one of estimating nonlinear functions of the ensemble of relative risks, but biased estimates result if posterior means are simply substituted into these nonlinear functions. The authors obtain better estimates of extrema from a new, weighted ranks squared error loss function. The derivation of these Bayes estimators assumes a hidden‐Markov random‐field model for relative risks, and their behaviour is illustrated with real and simulated data.     

论新形势下高校思想政治工作

随着社会主义市场经济的发展 ,加强和改进新形势下高校思想政治工作尤为重要 ,本文对加强和改进新形势下高校思想政治工作做了有益的研究和探索     

Ranking paired contestants

The ranking of paired contestants (players) after a series of contests is difficult when every player does not play every other player. In the 1975 JASA Mark Thompson presented a maximum likelihood solution based on the assumption that the probability of any one player defeating any other is a function only of the difference in their ranks. Here the linear approximation to that likelihood is shown to lead to a nonparametric measure of the efficacy of the ranking, called the net difference in ranks (NDR) , which is the sum of the differences in ranks of the paired players in the observed contests that agree with the ranking minus the sum of the differences in ranks in the observed contests that disagree with the ranking (upsets) . The subject is part of a large literature that has been consolidated by H.A. David in The Method of Paired Comparisons (1963, 1988). The method was introduced by the psychophysicist Fechner in 1860 and has been widely applied to sensory testing,     

“新时期人民内部矛盾“涵义新探

提出毛泽东对"人民内部矛盾"的界定在新的历史条件下的具体变化,即新时期的人民内部矛盾是指一切维护祖国统一,致力于中国经济发展并遵守中华人民共和国宪法的人们,在发展生产力和最终实现共同富裕这一社会主义建设的手段和目的一致的基础上,尚在各种具体的、切身的利益上,存在较以往更为大量而普遍的,甚至在特定范围内还存在少量具有对抗性质的差异的矛盾.     

身份等级制与多元价值观--德川身份等级制初探

日本德川时代阶级统治的支柱身分等级制,首开政治与经济二元分离的先河,将政治和经济领域分别交给统治者与被统治者,士农工商都有只属于自己的社会资源.德川幕府260多年的和平,经济文化的迅速发展,都与身分等级制下身分、职业、道德、多元价值与社会秩序的整合密不可分.最重要的意义还在于,从历史因果关系来看,身分等级制的基础--权力与财富分离,弱化了统治者自身,武士走上了自我消亡的不归路,农工商则得到了相对独立的发展.各得其所、多元追求的价值观念,大众在职业生活中形成的许多属于"现代化"的因素,预先为日本现代化的高速发展创造了条件.     

A randomized Baumgartner statistic for multivariate two-sample testing hypothesis

In this paper, multivariate two-sample testing problems were examined based on the Jure?ková–Kalina's ranks of distances. The multivariate two-sample rank test based on the modified Baumgartner statistic for the two-sided alternative was proposed. The proposed statistic was a randomized statistic. Simulations were used to investigate the power of the suggested statistic for various population distributions.     

Smoothing for discrete-valued time series

We deal with smoothed estimators for conditional probability functions of discrete-valued time series { Y_t } under two different settings. When the conditional distribution of Y_t given its lagged values falls in a parametric family and depends on exogenous random variables, a smoothed maximum (partial) likelihood estimator for the unknown parameter is proposed. While there is no prior information on the distribution, various nonparametric estimation methods have been compared and the adjusted Nadaraya–Watson estimator stands out as it shares the advantages of both Nadaraya–Watson and local linear regression estimators. The asymptotic normality of the estimators proposed has been established in the manner of sparse asymptotics, which shows that the smoothed methods proposed outperform their conventional, unsmoothed, parametric counterparts under very mild conditions. Simulation results lend further support to this assertion. Finally, the new method is illustrated via a real data set concerning the relationship between the number of daily hospital admissions and the levels of pollutants in Hong Kong in 1994–1995. An ad hoc model selection procedure based on a local Akaike information criterion is proposed to select the significant pollutant indices.     

农村家庭成份制分析--以赣中农村个案为例

家庭成份制在解放后成为我国农村划分社会成员的主要标准,深刻地影响了我国解放后农村中的两代人,第三代人身上也有其烙印。通过分析1980年代以来赣中农村中家庭成份对农村成员所产生的影响,讨论家庭成份制逐渐失效的原因。