从现代语言学叙事视角看先锋小说的不可接近性

本文将从传统语言学和现代语言学视角来探讨先锋小说的特点,尤其是它的不可接近性。虽然先锋小说是一种实验小说,但它是在传统语言观影响下的一种实验;如果从现代语言学的叙事视角来分析,就很清楚、很容易地发现它的不可接近性的根本原因。     

再析我国“看病贵看病难”现象

长期以来,＂看病贵,看病难＂一直成为政府、业界、学者、百姓普遍关注和争论的焦点、热点话题。究其原因,表面上看似乎是医疗服务供方的原因,但事实上在我国更为重要的却是医疗服务需方（医疗保险基金支付不足）的问题。然而政府似乎对医疗服务供方采取的措施多一点,而对医疗保险需方采取的措施少一些。由于国力有限,政府不可能保证每个公民都能享有基本医疗保险。但如果不能从根本上解决医疗服务需方经费不足的问题,那么＂看病贵看病难＂现象会依然存在,绝不仅仅是单靠药品降价、招标采购等措施就能解决的。文章试图通过对＂看病贵看病难＂现象的深层分析,提出解决这一问题的一些措施与建议。     

Estimation bias of different design and analytical strategies in dual-frame telephone surveys: an empirical evaluation

Dual-frame survey designs have become increasingly popular in large-scale telephone surveys. This is due to the lack of coverage of the traditional landline survey design and the escalating use of cell phones in recent years. Several estimation strategies have been proposed and their properties have been discussed under ideal scenarios, including pseudo-maximum-likelihood estimation, single-frame estimation, and simple composite estimation [C.J. Skinner and J.N.K. Rao, Estimation in dual frame surveys with complex designs, J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 91 (1996), pp. 349–356; S.L. Lohr and J.N.K. Rao, Inference from dual frame surveys, J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 95 (2000), pp. 271–280]. In practice, estimation in dual-frame telephone surveys is vulnerable to biases and errors (e.g. inaccessibility, topic/mode salience, and measurement error). The investigation of the performance of popular dual-frame estimation methods is scarce in real and less ideal scenarios. Through an innovatively designed simulation study, we compare the estimation bias under different sampling designs with various estimation strategies. To reduce bias, different raking strategies are compared. Simulated scenarios incorporating sampling costs are examined for practical considerations. Overall, the cell phone-only design yields results with the least bias and variance. When accurate covariate information is available for post-stratification, raking estimates from the cell phone-any design also perform very well. We also provide SAS macros for this simulation evaluation upon request. Survey practitioners can fine-tune the parameters based on their prior knowledge of the target population and run the simulation under different scenarios to gain more insights into how to optimally design and analyse telephone surveys.