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1.
In studies with recurrent event endpoints, misspecified assumptions of event rates or dispersion can lead to underpowered trials or overexposure of patients. Specification of overdispersion is often a particular problem as it is usually not reported in clinical trial publications. Changing event rates over the years have been described for some diseases, adding to the uncertainty in planning. To mitigate the risks of inadequate sample sizes, internal pilot study designs have been proposed with a preference for blinded sample size reestimation procedures, as they generally do not affect the type I error rate and maintain trial integrity. Blinded sample size reestimation procedures are available for trials with recurrent events as endpoints. However, the variance in the reestimated sample size can be considerable in particular with early sample size reviews. Motivated by a randomized controlled trial in paediatric multiple sclerosis, a rare neurological condition in children, we apply the concept of blinded continuous monitoring of information, which is known to reduce the variance in the resulting sample size. Assuming negative binomial distributions for the counts of recurrent relapses, we derive information criteria and propose blinded continuous monitoring procedures. The operating characteristics of these are assessed in Monte Carlo trial simulations demonstrating favourable properties with regard to type I error rate, power, and stopping time, ie, sample size. 相似文献
2.
Modeling spatial overdispersion requires point process models with finite‐dimensional distributions that are overdisperse relative to the Poisson distribution. Fitting such models usually heavily relies on the properties of stationarity, ergodicity, and orderliness. In addition, although processes based on negative binomial finite‐dimensional distributions have been widely considered, they typically fail to simultaneously satisfy the three required properties for fitting. Indeed, it has been conjectured by Diggle and Milne that no negative binomial model can satisfy all three properties. In light of this, we change perspective and construct a new process based on a different overdisperse count model, namely, the generalized Waring (GW) distribution. While comparably tractable and flexible to negative binomial processes, the GW process is shown to possess all required properties and additionally span the negative binomial and Poisson processes as limiting cases. In this sense, the GW process provides an approximate resolution to the conundrum highlighted by Diggle and Milne. 相似文献
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A role-reversal in the mother-daughter relationship 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Roberta Kabat Ph.D. 《Clinical Social Work Journal》1996,24(3):255-269
Psychoanalytic theorists have noted a particular dynamic in the mother-infant relationship in which the emotional needs of the mother predominate. When this situation occurs, the emotional needs of the infant may go unmet, resulting in impaired self-development. Through an integration of the ideas of mainstream psychoanalytic theorists and feminist psychoanalytic thinkers, this paper proposes the idea that, because of the intensity of the mother-daughter relationship, this dynamic may be more prevalent between mothers and daughters than between mothers and sons. A mother-daughter relationship is described in which the mother comes to depend on her daughter for emotional attunement and response, and the mother's selfobject needs predominate. As a consequence, the daughter is unable to develop a cohesive sense of self and experiences difficulty in achieving separation. Two clinical reports are presented to illustrate the way in which this mother-daughter dynamic manifests itself in the patient's life and in the therapeutic relationship. A negative transference dynamic is described resulting from these patient's fear of duplicating their relationship with their mothers in the therapeutic relationship by having to meet the selfobject needs of the therapist. 相似文献
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郭玉梅 《安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版)》2002,11(2):92-93
影视文化中的消极因素是当代青少年犯罪的一个重要原因.影视文化中的消极因素影响了当代青少年的世界观、人生观、价值观、政治观和道德观.要有效预防和控制当代青少年犯罪就必须消除影视文化的"负面效应".大力弘扬时代的主旋律,严格加强文化市场的管理,科学制定<影视文化法>,积极加强影视文化的评论,努力形成"合力效应". 相似文献
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田耕宇 《四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002,(4):87-92
从唐末至今 ,论者对晚唐诗大多持否定态度。反思这种带有明显历史惯性的批评现象 ,不难发现 ,不是晚唐诗缺乏思想价值和艺术魅力 ,而是其出现的异于此前诗坛的人生哲学、生活情趣、审美情趣、艺术思维和艺术风格 ,不仅使那些视文学为伦理、政治奴婢的封建文学观念批评者难以认同 ,也使那些对思想文化史发展缺乏认识和分析的批评者 ,难以理解出现在晚唐诗中的种种变化 ,因而导致千余年来的批评失误 相似文献
8.
“请”字用法汉英对比的语用分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
王劫丹 《贵州工业大学学报(社会科学版)》2008,(2)
迁移是语际语用学和二语习得研究领域的重要范畴。现回顾迁移的相关理论,并考察请字在汉英两种语言里的用法及其异同点。并指出母语与知识对目的语表达的牵制作用、对母语句式或用法的泛化以及语言表达背后的社会价值观是造成语用负迁移的重要原因。 相似文献
9.
张正清 《宁德师专学报(哲学社会科学版)》2008,(1):80-87
由于历史和现实的缘故,国民政府十分关注海外华侨尤其南洋华侨的教育,形成了比较完善的华侨教育体系,学校和学生数量呈上升趋势,学生素质也不断提高。然而由于国民政府侨教政策自身固有的弊病,给南洋侨教带来了相当的消极作用,限制了南洋侨教事业的进一步发展。 相似文献
10.
以英语学习中出现的正向迁移和负向迁移为例证,分析汉语对学习英语所产生的影响,而重点论述以汉语为母语的思维定势对英语学习产生的负向迁移影响,并提出了如何排除母语干扰的若干意见。 相似文献