On the α-risks for shewhart control charts

The performance of the usual Shewhart control charts for monitoring process means and variation can be greatly affected by nonnormal data or subgroups that are correlated. Define the α_k-risk for a Shewhart chart to be the probability that at least one “out-of-control” subgroup occurs in k subgroups when the control limits are calculated from the k subgroups. Simulation results show that the α_k-risks can be quite large even for a process with normally distributed, independent subgroups. When the data are nonnormal, it is shown that the α_k-risk increases dramatically. A method is also developed for simulating an “in-control” process with correlated subgroups from an autoregressive model. Simulations with this model indicate marked changes in the α_k-risks for the Shewhart charts utilizing this type of correlated process data. Therefore, in practice a process should be investigated thoroughly regarding whether or not it is generating normal, independent data before out-of-control points on the control charts are interpreted to be due to some real assignable cause.     

Applied state space modelling of non-Gaussian time series using integration-based Kalman filtering

The main topic of the paper is on-line filtering for non-Gaussian dynamic (state space) models by approximate computation of the first two posterior moments using efficient numerical integration. Based on approximating the prior of the state vector by a normal density, we prove that the posterior moments of the state vector are related to the posterior moments of the linear predictor in a simple way. For the linear predictor Gauss-Hermite integration is carried out with automatic reparametrization based on an approximate posterior mode filter. We illustrate how further topics in applied state space modelling, such as estimating hyperparameters, computing model likelihoods and predictive residuals, are managed by integration-based Kalman-filtering. The methodology derived in the paper is applied to on-line monitoring of ecological time series and filtering for small count data.     

On variable selection in generalized linear and related regression models

This paper is concerned with selection of explanatory variables in generalized linear models (GLM). The class of GLM's is quite large and contains e.g. the ordinary linear regression, the binary logistic regression, the probit model and Poisson regression with linear or log-linear parameter structure. We show that, through an approximation of the log likelihood and a certain data transformation, the variable selection problem in a GLM can be converted into variable selection in an ordinary (unweighted) linear regression model. As a consequence no specific computer software for variable selection in GLM's is needed. Instead, some suitable variable selection program for linear regression can be used. We also present a simulation study which shows that the log likelihood approximation is very good in many practical situations. Finally, we mention briefly possible extensions to regression models outside the class of GLM's.     

Using regression mixture models with non-normal data: examining an ordered polytomous approach

Mild to moderate skew in errors can substantially impact regression mixture model results; one approach for overcoming this includes transforming the outcome into an ordered categorical variable and using a polytomous regression mixture model. This is effective for retaining differential effects in the population; however, bias in parameter estimates and model fit warrant further examination of this approach at higher levels of skew. The current study used Monte Carlo simulations; 3000 observations were drawn from each of two subpopulations differing in the effect of X on Y. Five hundred simulations were performed in each of the 10 scenarios varying in levels of skew in one or both classes. Model comparison criteria supported the accurate two-class model, preserving the differential effects, while parameter estimates were notably biased. The appropriate number of effects can be captured with this approach but we suggest caution when interpreting the magnitude of the effects.     

THE EFFECTS OF CORRELATION AMONG OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACCURACY OF APPROXIMATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEAN BY ITS ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTION1

In this paper, we investigate the effects of correlation among observations on the accuracy of approximating the distribution of sample mean by its asymptotic distribution. The accuracy is investigated by the Berry-Esseen bound (BEB), which gives an upper bound on the error of approximation of the distribution function of the sample mean from its asymptotic distribution for independent observations. For a given sample size (n₀) the BEB is obtained when the observations are independent. Let this be BEB. We then find the sample size (n_*) required to have BEB below BEB₀, when the observations are dependent. Comparison of n_* with n₀ reveals the effects of correlation among observations on the accuracy of the asymptotic distribution as an approximation. It is shown that the effects of correlation among observations are not appreciable if the correlation is moderate to small but it can be severe for extreme correlations.     

基于EGARCH-M模型的沪深300股指期货跨期套利研究——一种修正的协整关系

现有的基于协整股指期货跨期套利策略主要利用GARCH模型进行建模。该模型忽略了杠杆效应的存在,也未考虑条件方差可能影响协整方程。在引入EGARCH-M模型进行套利研究的基础上,提出一种新的协整关系——修正的协整;利用沪深300股指期货合约的每分钟收盘价进行实证分析,结果表明:正态EGARCH-M模型对数据的拟合效果优于传统的GARCH模型,通过设定合理的交易机制可以获得良好的套利结果;非正态的EGARCH-M模型在拟合效果和捕捉套利机会方面都比正态模型具有更好的表现,且套利效果也有显著提高。     

Power comparisons of single-sample winsorized T,trimmed T and student's T

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of Winsorized t which was proposed to be used as one alternative to the student's t statistic when the parent population is non-normal. The criterion we use is the power of the test. Comparative performance of the Winsorized t, trimmed t, and Studen$tCs t for normal populations and for Studen$tCs t distribution with 8, 4, and 2 degrees of freedom was investigated.     

Stein-rule estimation under an extended balanced loss function

This paper extends the balanced loss function to a more general setup. The ordinary least squares estimator (OLSE) and Stein-rule estimator (SRE) are exposed to this general loss function with quadratic loss structure in a linear regression model. Their risks are derived when the disturbances in the linear regression model are not necessarily normally distributed. The dominance of OLSE and SRE over each other and the effect of departure from normality assumption of disturbances on the risk property are studied.     

基于GLM的贝叶斯变量与模型选择

针对非正态响应的部分因子试验,当筛选试验所涉及的因子数目较大时,提出了基于广义线性模型(generalized linear models,GLM)的贝叶斯变量与模型选择方法.首先,针对模型参数的不确定性,选择了经验贝叶斯先验.其次,在广义线性模型的线性预测器中对每个变量设置了二元变量指示器,并建立起变量指示器与模型指示器之间的转换关系.然后,利用变量指示器与模型指示器的后验概率来识别显著性因子与选择最佳模型.最后,以实际的工业案例说明此方法能够有效地识别非正态响应部分因子试验的显著性因子.     

Consistent estimation of regression parameters under replicated ultrastructural model with non-normal errors

This article discusses the construction and efficiency properties of consistent estimators of regression parameters under replicated ultrastructural model with not necessarily normally distributed measurement errors. The variances of measurement errors associated with the study and explanatory variables are estimated from the replicated sample observations and are used for the consistent estimation of regression parameters. The asymptotic efficiency properties of the estimators are derived and analysed. The finite sample performance of the estimators is empirically studied through a Monte Carlo simulation.