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1.
Impacts of complex emergencies or relief interventions have often been evaluated by absolute mortality compared to international standardized mortality rates. A better evaluation would be to compare with local baseline mortality of the affected populations. A projection of population-based survival data into time of emergency or intervention based on information from before the emergency may create a local baseline reference. We find a log-transformed Gaussian time series model where standard errors of the estimated rates are included in the variance to have the best forecasting capacity. However, if time-at-risk during the forecasted period is known then forecasting might be done using a Poisson time series model with overdispersion. Whatever, the standard error of the estimated rates must be included in the variance of the model either in an additive form in a Gaussian model or in a multiplicative form by overdispersion in a Poisson model. Data on which the forecasting is based must be modelled carefully concerning not only calendar-time trends but also periods with excessive frequency of events (epidemics) and seasonal variations to eliminate residual autocorrelation and to make a proper reference for comparison, reflecting changes over time during the emergency. Hence, when modelled properly it is possible to predict a reference to an emergency-affected population based on local conditions. We predicted childhood mortality during the war in Guinea-Bissau 1998-1999. We found an increased mortality in the first half-year of the war and a mortality corresponding to the expected one in the last half-year of the war. 相似文献
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Rainfall interception by Santa Monica's municipal urban forest 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
Effects of urban forests on rainfall interception and runoff reduction have been conceptualized, but not well quantified. In this study rainfall interception by street and park trees in Santa Monica, California is simulated. A mass and energy balance rainfall interception model is used to simulate rainfall interception processes (e.g., gross precipitation, free throughfall, canopy drip, stemflow, and evaporation). Annual rainfall interception by the 29,299 street and park trees was 193,168 m3 (6.6 m3/tree), or 1.6% of total precipitation. The annual value of avoided stormwater treatment and flood control costs associated with reduced runoff was $110,890 ($3.60/tree). Interception rate varied with tree species and sizes. Rainfall interception ranged from 15.3% (0.8 m3/tree) for a small Jacaranda mimosifolia (3.5 cm diameter at breast height) to 66.5% (20.8 m3/tree) for a mature Tristania conferta (38.1 cm). In a 25-year storm, interception by all street and park trees was 12,139.5 m3 (0.4%), each tree yielding $0.60 (0.4 m3/tree) in avoided flood control costs. Rainfall interception varied seasonally, averaging 14.8% during a 21.7 mm winter storm and 79.5% during a 20.3 mm summer storm for a large, deciduous Platanus acerifolia tree. Effects of differences in temporal precipitation patterns, tree population traits, and pruning practices on interception in Santa Monica, Modesto, and Sacramento, California are described. 相似文献
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范波 《重庆大学学报(社会科学版)》2002,8(5):33-35
文章介绍进入买方市场后 ,产能有限的制造企业进行需求管理的重要性 ,对需求管理的内涵、基本内容 (包括销售预测、订单管理、出货管理、销售分析 )、方法工具和工作流程进行具体分析。 相似文献
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组合预测误差信息矩阵研究 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
唐小我 《电子科技大学学报(社会科学版)》1992,(4)
研究组合预测误差信息矩阵的结构与组合预测方法性质之间的联系,首次提出冗余信息概念,对最优组合预测方法的组合结构进行了研究。 相似文献
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从MDnte Carlo模拟的实现过程入手,首先通过对Monte Carlo方法原理的阐述来介绍该种方法。进一步结合具体的实例通过计算机进行模拟来解释Monte Carlo方法的具体实现过程。重点讨论在选择合理的数据生成过程的前提下,如何在Monte Carlo方法中减少模拟方差,从而提高估计精度,更好地应用这种方法来进行经济预测。 相似文献
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Traditionally, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model has been one of the most widely used linear models in time series forecasting. However, the ARIMA model cannot easily capture the nonlinear patterns. Support vector machines (SVMs), a novel neural network technique, have been successfully applied in solving nonlinear regression estimation problems. Therefore, this investigation proposes a hybrid methodology that exploits the unique strength of the ARIMA model and the SVMs model in forecasting stock prices problems. Real data sets of stock prices were used to examine the forecasting accuracy of the proposed model. The results of computational tests are very promising. 相似文献
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在分析铁路货运量预测方法的基础上,针对标准BP神经网络的不足,提出改进的BP神经网络预测模型。首先,利用动态陡度因子来改变激励函数的陡峭程度,以此来得到更好的激励函数响应特征以及更好的非线性表达能力;其次,利用附加动量因子,通过对以前经验的积累,既降低了神经网络对误差曲面的局部细节敏感特性,又较好的遏制了神经网络易于限于局部最小的缺陷;最后,采取改变学习率的方法,给定一个较大的学习率初始值,在学习的过程中学习率不断减小,网络最终趋于稳定。改进BP算法既可以得到更优的解,还能够缩短训练时间。利用全国铁路货运 相似文献