移民的陌生人意象:三个社会学传统

三个重要的社会学家齐美尔、舒茨和鲍曼先后以"陌生人"为核心概念建构讨论了这一群体,阐释"陌生人"的产生机制、表现形态、当地社会的反应及由此带来的困扰,这无疑为移民研究提供了新的理论视角。而这样的理论传统是以往的移民研究所忽视的,这在一定程度上导致移民研究缺乏更为一般意义上的理论思考,缺乏对流动性这一重大社会理论议题的回应,正是在这个意义上,重新审视这样的传统是有意义的。本文的目的是对三位社会学家关于"陌生人"的论断进行评述并检视这样的论述与中国移民研究的相关性。     

The stranger the better: support and solidarity in the 2011 students’ protests in Chile

This paper analyses the legitimation dynamics of the student protests in Chile 2011, explaining how the support of ‘strangers’ strengthened its position and endurance. By analysing interviews with both activists and uninvolved citizens, I describe a steady pattern whereby they express the strength and legitimacy of the movement by assessing the ‘abstraction’ of the link between protesters and their supporters. The more abstract these relations – the stranger supporters are – the most relevant and meaningful is their support. Beyond establishing the worthiness of protesters’ claims, strangers provide protesters with a mandate, fostering the movement’s cohesion and thus affecting its ability to endure through the conflict. While the literature has mostly looked at adherents as only potential (or failed) constituents, I argue that support that remains external plays a crucial role in social movements’ chances of success. This support needs, however, to avoid being framed as insufficient engagement. Further analysis shows that the distinction between protesters and strangers often requires active boundary work, allowing the movement to maximize the benefits of strangers’ support while managing its risks. The relation between these boundaries, the efficiency of different contention tactics and their adaptation is analysed here. The study argues that strangeness can involve very different, even opposed phenomena, which are often confounded, namely ‘otherness’ and ‘abstraction’. Critically drawing upon Simmel, I explain how it is ‘abstraction’ in particular that helps our understanding of the role of strangers in social movements and consider how this distinction could enrich research on the symbolic aspects of contentious politics.     

Accounting for Everyday Incivility: an Australian study

The question of how we live among strangers in daily life is an established concern in contemporary social analysis. A key topic has been the achievements of the individual in rendering daily life among unknown others possible. Yet, questions of residual failure await full development. The study aims to describe the results of an Australian study that examined the significance and meaning of interactional breakdown with strangers in everyday life for the contemporary individual. Focus group methodology is used to describe common threads of understanding that ordinary people have developed around such events in terms of prevalence, reasons and remedies. Noteworthy findings are (i) the use of period and generational kinds of historical thinking in lay reflections on the state of everyday incivility (ii) the materialization of excessive individualism, runaway capitalist values and diminished community as key ideas within lay talk about the generators of everyday incivility, and (iii) the articulation of communitarianism as a preferred panacea to everyday incivility for lay actors.     

中国传统道德哲学:道义论遮蔽下的功利主义

中国传统道德哲学被公认为是“重义轻利”的道义论。然而,当我们考察中国传统道德的概念以及为德的目的、价值、动力、调控手段和约束机制时,我们会发现,在道义论的大旗下,中国传统道德哲学仍然隐含着功利主义思想。道义论遮蔽下的功利主义道德传统,一方面使道义论的道德要求能够在现实生活中得到践履和发挥作用,另一方面使现实生活中的功利追求、感性欲望被控制在道义、理性的轨道上。但是,道义论遮蔽下的功利主义道德传统带有某种“欺生性”、“他律性”、“非纯洁性”的特点,成为“聪明人的远虑,”失去了道德固有的理性自觉、情感自愿的特质。     

从熟人社会到陌生人社会：城市离婚率趋高的社会学透视

城市离婚率的上升是时下不争的事实,加之农民工进城务工,这一比率有进一步上升的趋势.本文在对随机抽取的个案进行分析后,得出如下结论:工业化和城市化速度的加快,使得不同群体出现了不同程度和不同性质的流动;随着流动性的增强,流动者的人际关系变得日趋多元化和复杂化,并且他们与这些复杂化的人际关系变得日趋陌生化,所以,现代化即是熟人社会向陌生人社会转变的过程;陌生人社会中社会约束力明显减弱,在这种情况下,任何曾经可以成为离婚诱发因素但能够忍受的因素在陌生人社会中都有可能引发离婚.     

Youth interaction with online strangers: experiences and reactions to unknown people on the Internet

Previous research on youths’ experiences with online strangers has mostly utilized quantitative designs which may result in the omission of important parts of the youths’ experiences and perceptions. In this qualitative study, we adopt a child-centred approach and focus on the children’s and adolescents’ experiences with unknown people from the Internet. This is one of the most pronounced parental concerns, despite the fact that an online presence is now normative for most children. We use the data from focus-groups and individual interviews in nine European countries (N?=?368) conducted with youths between the ages of 9 and 16 years. Participants were asked about their perceptions of potentially negative or problematic situations while using the Internet and digital technology. Using thematic analysis, we classified youths’ experiences and reactions related to interacting with online strangers in four themes: (1) non-verbal interaction; (2) initiation of contact; (3) communication; and (4) face-to-face meeting. In all four levels of interactions, children and adolescents reported a variety of positive and negative experiences and reactions. We interpret our findings with a co-construction model which perceives children and adolescents as active participants in the online world. We conclude that children are successfully making active decisions to initiate, continue, and stop interactions with unknown people from the Internet. These findings broaden the current perspectives of youths’ meetings with unknown people online.     

论毕飞宇小说中“异乡人”形象

“异乡人”是毕飞宇小说中一以贯之的人物形象,它体现作者的小说创作由先锋到写实的转变。     

“陌生人”与城市社会——城市化背景下对现代城市道德状况的一个另类分析

随着现代社会的高速发展,城市现代化建设进入了一个新的时期。而与此同时,城市的发达、生活节奏的加快、文化的缺失及城市空间的规划产生了越来越多的不利于城市道德建设的"陌生人"。陌生人的兴起与突显导致城市社会联结纽带的缺失、文化认同的弱化及功利关系的强化,从而使城市道德陷入了困境,极大地冲击了城市社会道德的良性运转。该文采用社会学理论对城市"陌生人"现象进行了分析,以期为城市道德的良性运作及城市道德的完善和发展提供建议。     

从陌生人到共同体--孔子及其弟子师生关系伦理性质考论

孔子之前时代教育关系的成立来源于行政命令或家族办学,本质上是从熟人关系直接派生出来的。与之前教育形式相比较,孔子与其学生的关系最初具有陌生人性质。通过教学活动,他们最终转化为熟人性质甚至是拟亲人性质的师生关系。当拟亲人性质的师生关系出现时,容易蜕变为紧密的利益共同体,然而孔子与弟子之间形成的却是道义共同体,从而形成了人际关系中崭新的一伦———“师生”,奠定了古典时代师生关系伦理的基本内涵。     

陌生人社交视野的二手手机收购摊贩互信交易

街边大量存在的二手手机收购摊贩互信交易对剖析当下中国陌生人社交互信缺乏症具有极好价值。二手手机收购交易双方缔造的是一种“暂时性互信”，将“暂时性互信”的意义作一拓展，便可窥探到其背后隐藏着的二手手机收购互信交易所赖以达成的均衡机制；将此均衡机制再拓展运用到对中国陌生人社交互信缺乏症的诊疗上，又可探索到症结及药方——由此追求均衡、促成均势所构成的根本指导方法和原则的正义性也得到了应有的展示。