Translating cross-lagged effects into incidence rates and risk ratios: The case of psychosocial safety climate and depression

Longitudinal studies are the gold standard of empirical work and stress research whenever experiments are not plausible. Frequently, scales are used to assess risk factors and their consequences, and cross-lagged effects are estimated to determine possible risks. Methods to translate cross-lagged effects into risk ratios to facilitate risk assessment do not yet exist, which creates a divide between psychological and epidemiological work stress research. The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate how cross-lagged effects can be used to assess the risk ratio of different levels of psychosocial safety climate (PSC) in organisations, an important psychosocial risk for the development of depression. We used available longitudinal evidence from the Australian Workplace Barometer (N?=?1905) to estimate cross-lagged effects of PSC on depression. We applied continuous time modelling to obtain time-scalable cross effects. These were further investigated in a 4-year Monte Carlo simulation, which translated them into 4-year incident rates. Incident rates were determined by relying on clinically relevant 2-year periods of depression. We suggest a critical value of PSC?=?26 (corresponding to ?1.4 SD), which is indicative of more than 100% increased incidents of persistent depressive disorder in 4-year periods compared to average levels of PSC across 4 years.     

Re‐framing the Analysis: A 3‐dimensional Perspective of Prisoners’ Children's Well‐being

This article highlights three dimensions to understanding children's well‐being during and after parental imprisonment which have not been fully explored in current research. A consideration of ‘time’ reveals the importance of children's past experiences and their anticipated futures. A focus on ‘space’ highlights the impact of new or altered environmental dynamics. A study of ‘agency’ illuminates how children cope within structural, material and social confines which intensify vulnerability and dependency. This integrated perspective reveals important differences in individual children's experiences and commonalities in broader systemic and social constraints on prisoners’ children. The paper analyses data from a prospective longitudinal study of 35 prisoners’ children during and after their (step) father's imprisonment to illustrate the arguments.     

The ‘right time’ – negotiating the timing of interviews with vulnerable young people

Participant retention is a key factor in determining the success of longitudinal research. Challenges in re-locating and retaining participants over the long term are major issues for researchers working with young people who face adversity and experience frequent changes in circumstances. This article reports on a study of vulnerable young people and their transition into adulthood. Rather than the more conventional schedule-based approach to locating and re-interviewing young people, a relational process, the ‘right time’ framework, was used to facilitate young people's involvement in the study. Embedded in the ‘right time’ framework is recognition of the diverse and fluctuating circumstances that shape young people's availability for interviews. Several case examples are considered which amplify the way that the ‘right time’ framework allowed the research to navigate around these circumstances. The case examples highlight the value young people attached to being involved in the research, the influence on the ‘right time’ of wider relational tensions for young people and the need to negotiate researcher status as a different sort of adult. The ‘right time’ framework contributed to a high retention rate in the study generating a more representative sample and enhancing the subsequent data analysis by providing valuable insights into the lives of these vulnerable young people.     

消费者导向类型与电商全渠道决策研究

从现实出发，基于不同消费者导向类型研究了电商的全渠道决策问题。首先建立电商单渠道销售的基础模型，并得出最优产品组合、价格和交付时间。在此基础上，给出了消费者为产品导向型和渠道导向型情况下电商采取全渠道决策的条件，得出双渠道产品组合、价格及交付时间的最优决策；并进行了数值验证。研究发现，同一渠道提供的产品其最优价格相同，最优交付时间只和消费者耐心程度及交付成本函数有关。若消费者为产品导向型，仅当双渠道运营成本之差较小且消费者耐心程度较低时，电商进入线下渠道才有利可图，且在线下渠道提供最受欢迎的产品，线上渠道提供剩余产品。若消费者为渠道导向型，电商进入线下渠道必然有利可图，且在线下渠道提供最受欢迎的产品，线上渠道提供所有产品。     

市场分割、政企关系与异地市场拓展

中国的市场仍旧存在某种程度的分割，如何突破这种市场分割到异地拓展市场是企业要考虑的现实问题。以前的研究主要是从省级层面或国家层面进行宏观分析。文章创新地从政企关系视角入手来考察市场分割情形下微观层面的企业异地市场拓展，也是首先把市场分割（和异地市场）分为省内（本市外）市场、省外市场和海外市场三个不同层面来研究的论文。用世界银行的调查数据从微观企业个体层面检验了企业异地市场拓展的可能。实证研究结果发现，市场分割确实阻碍了企业异地市场拓展，但这仅限于省内市场而不是省外市场。此外，市场分割是有方向性的，从地方保护主义严重的市场里走出来的企业更容易拓展异地市场，但此结论仅适用于国内市场拓展而不适用于海外市场拓展。良好的政企关系是有利于企业异地市场拓展的，但仅限于省外市场，对省内市场以及海外市场是无效的。文章解释了其中的原因，并分析了对于企业实践的启示。     

JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITY OF SHANGHAI FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2002 Vol.24 No.1～4 Total Contents

在学习英语时,中西文化背景的差异,往往会给我们的阅读带来很大的困难。本文拟从词汇的文化内涵、历史典故和西方现代历史文化等三个方面来论述中西文化差异对篇章阅读的影响。     

装备工业的快速发展与产业结构的优化升级

落后的技术装备水平是导致我国工业粗放型增长并进而导致结构性矛盾的重要原因。在新的发展阶段 ,优化产业结构 ,淘汰落后技术 ,全面更新技术手段和生产设备 ,加快装备工业发展 ,推进关键设备国产化 ,成为提高国民经济运行质量和效益的战略性环节     

美国英语与美国人的时间观

语言作为文化的一部分，是文化的重要表达形式，透过一个民族的语言层面，可以窥见这个民族的文化形态。本文试图通过分析美国英语与时间有关的用语，来探讨美国人支配、利用时间的方式，以及时间这一无声的语言在美国文化中所蕴含的意义。     

浅析汉语中表因果关系句子的英译法

由于英汉两种语言的差异,汉语中表因果关系的句子翻译成英文有不同的译法,除了采用原因状语从句的结构,还可以采用时间状语从句、地点状语从句、定语从句、不定式短语、介词短语、独立主格结构等多种不同的表达方式。     

冲激噪声环境中LFM信号的特征参数估计

SαS稳定分布是一类非常重要的非高斯随机分布,具有这类分布的噪声称为冲激噪声。在冲激噪声情况下,α阶以上的矩均不存在,导致基于二阶矩的高斯模型算法性能下降,甚至不能正常工作。该文提出了一种在冲激噪声环境下线性调频信号特征参数估计的算法,通过分析冲激噪声的具体特点,给出了修正的低阶矩模糊函数,并结合Radon变换估计了冲激噪声环境下LFM信号的参数。该算法既可应用于冲激噪声下,又可应用于高斯噪声环境,故具有较好的鲁棒性。最后用计算机仿真验证了该算法的有效性。