"泰山治鬼"说的起源与中国冥府的形成

在春秋战国时代,控制死人亡魂的神祗是天帝.西汉之后的社会需要,使得一个脱离天帝星神的冥府开始建构起来.但在西汉,这个冥府只是把人间的地方政府架构呆板地移植到冥间,却没有中央级的冥府.至东汉,早期道教的<太平经>中已经出现了一种中央级冥府即"土府",而到了东汉末年,出现了另一套冥间的中央机构及官属,也就是黄神和召魂、召魄,最后则为黄神所生的"五岳",再更具体就是"太山".此为泰山治鬼说之肇始,而其标志物就是太山府君.太山府君的出现,时在汉魏之际.但"太山府君"的"太山"不是中国的东岳泰山,而是佛经中的地狱.佛经译者用"太山"之名译经,为中国民间方士提供了一个机会,让他们利用了这一名词的含糊概念,把佛教的"太山地狱"转化为中国的冥府即太山府君.而太山府君融合了佛教的一些"平等"观念,"死者不系生时贵贱",这就让太山治鬼说在民间立定了脚跟.顾炎武的"鬼论(泰山治鬼之论)起于汉末"与钱锺书的"经来白马,泰山更成地狱之别名,"乃是不易之论.

The Origin of "Taishan Managing Ghosts" and the Formation of the Chinese Hades

In the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, the god who had controlling power was Heavenly Emperor. To the eastern Han dynasty, the system of the central organizadon and its officers in the Hades was established, namely, the Yellow God who produced "Wuyue"(five mountains) in the end, more concretely speaking, "Taishan" which is the initial saying with the appearance of Taishan Monarch as its mark. "Taishan" here is not referred to as Mount Tai, but a name from Buddhist sutras. Later the Chinese folk necromancers applied the same pronunciation of this name as Mount Tai to the Hades, and Mount Tai in this way becomes another name of the Hades.