从“上帝之城”到西欧权力制衡的政体建构

奥古斯汀在《上帝之城》中建立起上帝之城/地上之城的二元话语结构,为教权和王权之间的权力制衡奠定了基础。此后,为同世俗君主争夺权力,“双城论”发展为“双剑论”和“日月说”,将“国王从教皇手中获得权力”的思想不断推向顶峰。与此相对,君王一方也不断引用宗教经典,反对教会干涉世俗事务。因此,在西欧政治实践中,形成了教权与王权在历史上相互制衡的权力结构。这种权力制衡模式在宗教力量退出政治权力舞台后,以“人民”这一概念代替了“上帝”,进而演化为“天赋人权,主权在民”。西方世俗君主的权力在历史上受教权制约后,又为另一权力“民权”制约。

From the Meaning Dissemination of "The City of God" to the Establishment of the Political System of Check and Balance in Western Europe

The binary discourse structure of the city of God versus the city of citizen Augstine(created) in The City of God laid a foundation for the check and balance between religious power and royal power.After that,in order to struggle for power from monarchs,"the theory of two cities" turned into "the theory of two swords" and "the theory of the sun and the moon",and greatly strengthened the thought that the monarch gains his power from the pope.On the other hand,monarchs cited from religious classics to(oppose) church's interference with secular matters.After the religious power quit from the arena of political power,the concept of "the people" replaced the concept of "God" and the theory of natural rights of the people replaced the theory of divine right of kings.In conclusion,the western monarch's power was checked by religious power in history and is now checked by power of the people.