明代学者论历史撰述中的“心术”与“公议”

史家品德和史书公正性问题,为历代史家所重视。明代学者从对作史之难的探讨出发,不仅对史家＂心术＂予以特别的关注,并使之逐步成为史学批评的一个术语,同时,他们还认为史书有＂明公议＂的社会功用,而史家有＂持公议＂的社会责任。明代学者的这些论述在一定程度上丰富了前人对史学的认识,同时亦引起后人对史学社会价值的深入思考。

Abstract：

The historian’s morality and the impartiality in the writing of history are widely regarded as im-portant factors in the field of the historiography.Starting from the discussions about the difficulties of com-piling historiography,the scholars in Ming Dynasty have paid special attention to ＂Xinshu＂and gradually make a nomenclature of it in the field of the historical criticism.They also consider that the historical work should be endowed with the public benefit of specifying ＂Gongyi＂,while the historians should be endowed with the social responsibility of holding ＂Gongyi＂.These discussions have enriched the understanding of historiography in the ancient time to a certain extent,and have their significance to the society.Through an elaboration of the discussions of ＂Xinshu＂ and ＂Gongyi＂ of the scholars in Ming Dynasty,an evaluation of the achievement of these discussions in the field of the historical criticism will be made.