明代汉译藏传密教文献和西域僧团——兼谈汉藏佛教史研究的语文学方法

通过对我国台湾故宫博物院所藏两部汉译藏传密教仪轨《吉祥喜金刚集轮甘露泉》和《如来顶髻尊胜佛母现证仪》中出现的传承宗师名录的考证,证明这两部仪轨最后一位传承宗师就是明代早期著名国师、曾多次出使西番的智光。由此可以确定,这两部原本以为是元代译本的藏密仪轨实际上出自明代,译者莎南屹啰当是明代的一位大译师。这一发现可以重新改写元、明两代藏传佛教于汉地传播的历史。现在我们所能见到的原以为是元代的汉译藏传密教文献中相当大的一部分实际上都是明代的作品,明代翻译的藏传密教文献从数量上超过了元朝。这说明藏传佛教于汉地的传播并没有因为朝代的更替而中断,曾深得蒙古皇帝青睐的萨思迦派喇嘛于明代依然十分活跃,其所传"道果法"在明代传播之广远甚于前朝。由印度、西番僧及其汉人弟子组成的所谓"西域僧团"曾经是明代中国非常有影响力的一个僧伽组织,对藏传佛教于汉地的传播起了非常重要的作用。

Chinese Translations of Tibetan Tantric Buddhist Texts of the Ming Dynasty and the Buddhist Samgha of the Western Regions

This article deals with Chinese translations of Tibetan tantric Buddhist texts of the Ming period. We are able to claim that these two texts which were always considered as the texts of the Yuan origin were indeed works of the Ming dynasties. The translator of these two texts bSod nams grags was a prolific translator of the Ming period. This discovery,furthermore,reveals the fact that there are virtually more translational works of Tibetan tantric Buddhism of the Ming dynasty than that of the Yuan among the...