论檀道鸾的文学“三元(源)”论

在专记东晋中、晚期编年史的《续晋阳秋》中,檀道鸾将文学作为独立学科加以置评。他率先把"独尊"的儒学经典《诗经》与楚辞、前秦百家之言并列,提出了中国文学"体则《诗》《骚》,傍综百家"的"三元"论,并以此"三元"标准评论汉代"赋颂"、建安诗歌和西晋末年诗作。在评价两晋文学时,檀道鸾强调"庄、老"影响下产生的玄学及"玄胜之谈"对两晋道佛文学流变的重要影响。檀道鸾的文学流变史观,显现了南北分裂时期学思活跃、文人反思文化历史、重新界定文学源头的历史现实以及檀氏所历地域文化、家风传统、个人倾向互动等对其文史评论的影响。檀道鸾文学评论的自觉观点,是西晋虞挚的《文章流别论》,与南朝刘勰《文心雕龙》、钟嵘《诗品》等文学评论之间的重要环节。

An Analysis of the"Three Literary Origins"in A Sequence to Jinyangqiu by Tan Daoluan

Tan Daoluan in the mid-fifth century compiled ＂A Sequence to Jinyangqiu＂ （ Xu Jin Yangqiu ）, a chronicle of the second half of the Eastern Jin. Tan Daoluan treated literature as a separate category in his literary criticism, independent of the Confucian canon. In Tan＇s view, Chinese literature had three equally important origins： The Book of Songs （ Shi Jing ）, Songs of the Chu （ Chu Ci ）, and the Hundred Schools （ bai jia ） of pre-Qin philosophy. Tan attributed the rhapsodies （ fu songs ） of the Han Dynasty, poems and essays of the Jian＇an Reign, and the most noted poetry at the end of Western Jin to the influence of these three sources of literature. Commenting on major literary trends of Western and Eastern Jin--poems inspired by Daoism and Buddhism, Tan stressed the key influence of Mysterious Learning （ xuan xue ）, which he considered to derive from ＂Laozi＂ and ＂Zhuangzi＂ of the Hundred Schools. Living in the era of the Great Division and a dynamic intellectual atmosphere, Tan reevaluated cultural history and redefined the origins of Chinese literature, reflecting the combined influences of the age in which he lived, regional cultures where the Tans had resided, family traditions, as well as personal tendencies. Tan Daoluan＇s literary criticism provided an important middle link between Zhi Yu＇s ＂Discourse on Literary Compositions by Genre＂ in the Western Jin, and Liu Xie＇s ＂The Literary Minds and the Carving of Dragons＂ and Zhong Rong＇s ＂Grades of Poems＂ in the Southern Dynasties.