中师生与全科教师：两种历史境遇的对话

当前农村教育仍然面临诸多问题，为纾解困境，推动乡村教育发展，选拔和培养小学全科教师成为关键举措。作为基础教育的先行者与后继者，中师生与全科教师之间有什么共性和差异，如何评价两者的优劣短长，如何总结百年中师办学历史，如何优化全科教师教育，这些都关乎教师教育振兴和基础教育的高质量发展。基于历史考察、个案访谈和对比分析，深度剖析中师生R与全科教师T在学业素养、发展机遇、职业轨迹、专业成长四个方面的异同，进而从产生背景、职前教育、职后表现和个人体验四个方面展开讨论。研究结果表明，中师生和全科教师产生背景有别、教育层次不同、职后表现各有短长、个人体验不容忽视。我们既不能夸大中师教育的优势，也不能无视全科教育的成就。当前在继续坚持现有全科教师培养政策的同时，应进一步拓展从入口、过程到出口的开放性和多元选择的渠道，增加乡村教育吸引力；改变招考方式，优先选拔具有乡村教育情怀和发展潜力的生源，重视培养全科教师的教育情怀；关注全科教师的思想动态和心理健康，不断提高他们的职业成就感和幸福感，夯实乡村教育高质量发展的人才基础。

Dialogue between Secondary Normal School Students and General Practitioners in Two Historical Situations

Currently rural education still faces many problems. In order to alleviate these difficulties and promote the development of rural education, selecting and training primary school general practitioners has become a key measure. As pioneers and successors of basic education, what are the commonalities and differences between secondary normal school students and general practitioners, how to evaluate their advantages and disadvantages, how to summarize the century long history of secondary normal school, and how to optimize general teacher education, which are all related to the revitalization of teacher education and the high-quality development of basic education. Based on historical investigation, case interviews, and comparative analysis, this study deeply analyzes the similarities and differences between secondary normal school student R and general practitioner T in terms of academic literacy, development opportunities, career trajectory, and professional growth. It further explores the differences and gains and losses between the two groups in terms of background, professional education, career, and personal experience, and obtains several conclusions and inspirations.