“走西口”与晋蒙地区社会变迁

清代以来,人地矛盾等引起的晋、陕等地百姓大量涌入归化城土默特、鄂尔多斯、察哈尔等地,使该地区的历史发生了前所未有的变化,促进了农耕与游牧文化的交融。随着“走西口”移民的进程,口外蒙古地区从传统单一的游牧社会演变为旗县双立、农牧并举的多元化社会,并呈现出游牧由南向北收缩,农耕区相应向前推进的态势。该文主要以“走西口”移民产生的历史根源、活动范围、其所带来的社会变迁等几个点作为研究对象,对“走西口”移民活动进行研究。

The Study of Immigration via the West Gate of the Great Wall

From the establishment of the Qing Dynasty,a great number of immigrants moved into such Mongol-inhabited regions as Tumd,Ordos,Chahar,etc.from Shanxi,Shaanxi and other provinces,which lacked sufficient land for agricultural production.The immigration resulted in unprecedented changes in the regions,along with the rise of crop production and the decline of animal husbandry.With the development of immigration,the Mongol-inhabited regions evolved from a nomadic society of a single production mode into one of dual production modes and dual administrative systems respectively for Mongol and Hans.In addition,there appeared a northward withdrawal of the nomadic population and the parallel northward expansion of the agricultural population.This article is to study the immigration via the West Gate of the Great Wall,with specific reference to historical reasons,the areas of the involved activities and social changes with the immigration movement.