论档案鉴定理论的发展

从传统鉴定理论模式研究,到谢伦伯格的双重价值鉴定理论,再到布姆斯的"社会分析和职能鉴定论",以及加拿大的"新宏观鉴定接收战略",直至目前广泛关注的以电子文件鉴定为中心的"职能与技术鉴定双重支点",是档案鉴定理论发展的历史进程.在这一进程中,呈现出三个明显的特点:一是来源原则在档案鉴定领域得到应用,档案学的两大特色理论交互发展;二是传统史学理论及思潮的影响及渗透逐渐减少,档案鉴定标准越来越社会化;三是鉴定标准日趋实用化,鉴定的实用主义功能目标反映越来越明显.

Development of the Archival Appraisal Theory

As a result of the development of the archives management in modern times, archival appraisal theory gradually shows all its o perational features in records and archives management. As time goes on, we can see that archival appraisal theory is clearly superior to any other archival theory. There are four phases in the development of the archival appraisal theory since the early 20 th century. The first phase is called traditional appraisal theory period before 1950's, including Ages Appraisal System and Functional Appraisal Theory. However, Hilar y Jenkinson, the British classical archival scholar, exerted a tremendous influence over other archivists during this period. He published his famous book entitled A Manual for Archives Administration. Jenkinson opposed archives appraisal act in which archivists joined. Since 1950's, records are voluminous. Their growth in volume corresponded closely to the increase in social activities. Both the government and scholars foc used on the reduction in the quantity records. The appraisal theory then entered the second stage: the period of Double Values Appraisal theory presented by Theodore R. Schllenberg who has been called respectfully "the father of appraisal theory in the United States". In his landmark book, Modern Archives: Principle and Technique, he asserted that records had Primary Value and Secondary Value. The former reflects the importance of records to their original creator and the latter reflects the importance of records on subsequent researchers. Double Values Appraisal theory became the basic appraisal mechanism in Europe and the United States. The third phase was the new functional appraisal theories, the German "Society Analysis and Functional Appraisal" represented by Hans Booms, and the "New Macro-appraisal Acquisition Strategy" which has been used by the Canadian National Archives since 1989. Both of them claim that the internal connection among agency 's activities ought to be noticed and that the importance of governmental functions, programs, activities, and businesses should be analyzed and appraised. The Canadian scholar Terry Cook concluded their commonality in the thirteenth inte rnational archival congress. He held that the appraisal methodology should be a context-based, provenance-centered framework rather than a content-based historical-documentalist one. The fourth is electronic records appraisal theory, which suggests the establishment of double fulcrum that is essential in appraising electronic records: one reflects content appraisal while the other is technological appraisal . It app eared first in French Harold Naugler's Research Report, "The Archival Appraisal of Machine-readable Records: a RAMP Study with Guidelines." As a new focal point, the technological analysis emphasizes appraisal of the authenticity, integrality, usability and readability of electronic records. It also needs to kill viruses and check the media of records. With the development of the appraisal theory, some features have appeared. First, the principle of provenance and the archives appraisal theory impact each other. Secondly, influences of traditional history studies on appraisal theories have faded since 1950's; Thirdly, the appraisal criteria or guidelines show trends of usability and practicality. The coloring of pragmatism is getting clear than ever before.