日本冬至考——兼论中国古代天命思想对日本的影响

传统岁时节日冬至很早便从中国传入日本,成书于892年的《类聚国史》的岁时部分,已经为冬至设了专条。但从日本古代的《内里式》、《仪式》到日本南北朝时期的《建武年中行事》都没有收入冬至。从平安后期到江户时代,除了有关19年才有一次的“朔旦冬至”,在日本朝廷的年中岁时中,已经见不到冬至节的踪影。即或“朔旦冬至”是否应当进入年中岁时序列,也成为讨论的问题。冬至一度成为日本岁时节日的重要部分,但为什么会被从日本朝廷的年中行事中排除出去?掩藏在这一历史事实背后的原因是什么?中国古代的冬至节对日本影响渐趋衰弱的原因是什么?中国古代天命思想对日本影响过程中有哪些规律性问题,这都值得探讨。

On the Winter Solstice in Japan

The notion of the winter solstice was imported into Japan as early as indicated in the almanac of rijyuukokusi written in 892 with an entry of the winter solstice. But the winter of solstice is not found in the ancient Japanese booksgisiki anddairisiki, nor is it found inkennbunenntyuugyouji, written in the South-North Dynasty of Japan. From the later part of heian till edo, there was no record of the winter solstice in the annual history books of Japanese court except the record of sakudanntouji for every 19 years. Even so, it is in debate whether sakudanntouji is supposed to be put in the annual history book. Why was the winter solstice, which once appeared in Japan as an important festival in Japanese annual history book, excluded from the history book of Japanese court? How is it possible to account for this historical fact? This paper examines the historic records of the winter solstice in ancient Japan, on the basis of which the process of how the winter solstice was accepted in Japan is to be given an account and an analysis of why the ancient Chinese winter solstice had decreasing influence on Japan is to be made. The case study of the winter solstice will be extended to the question of how to explore the process in which the ancient Chinese notion of fatality influenced Japan's ideology.