对耕者有其田与耕者有其权的新探讨——清康雍乾山东与德国巴伐里亚农村土地状况的比较

康雍乾时期,“耕者有其田”是山东农民一如既往的愿望,但却是德国巴伐里亚农民的划时代要求。在18世纪世界经济转型以前,在整体上,“耕者有其权”是巴伐里亚农民的生存依据,但却是山东农民遭受压迫和剥削的原因。本文以康雍乾时期为历史中折点,说明:拥有土地的占有权,迫使山东农民必须承负国家的、官府的和家庭的责任。比较之下,土地占有权向着土地耕种权的变化达到极限,使巴伐里亚的农民借助于新型社会的到来转变成为拥有土地占有权的国家公民。

A Comparative Study of the Cultivated Land Ownership of Peasants in Shandong and Bavaria

“Land to the tiller”was the desire of the peasants of Shandong as always during the domination period of Emperor Kan-gxi,Qianlong and Yongzheng,yet it was the epoch-making demand of peasants of Bavaria.Before the transformation of theworld economies in the 18th century,“land right to the tiller”had been the living foundation of peasants of Bavaria,but thecause for the oppression and exploitation to the peasants of Shandong.The land ownership forced the peasants of Shandong toshoulder the responsibilities of the state,government and family.In contrast,because the change from land ownership to the cul-tivation right had reached its limit,the peasants of Bavaria made themselves citizens gaining the land ownership with the aid ofthe coming of a new society.