辽朝惕隐研究

辽朝的惕隐可以追溯到突厥的特勤,契丹立国之后,用中原王朝官制建立并改造本民族固有官制,辽朝惕隐的名称及内涵发生了深刻变化。辽朝惕隐主要分为两类:其一,中央惕隐,即负责掌管皇族教化和皇族户籍的大内惕隐,简称惕隐,大内惕隐的选任在很大程度上侧重于宗室成员,大内惕隐兼具教化、礼仪和军事三种职能,由于其出身显贵,在卸任后往往担任北府宰相、南北院枢密使等高级官吏。辽朝并无皇太子惕隐,《辽史·百官志》中关于皇太子惕隐司的记载是错误的,大内惕隐司即大惕隐司。其二,地方惕隐,即辽朝在各部族及属国属部设置的惕隐。各部族的惕隐,后升为司徒,地位极其重要,配合部族节度使管理部族事务,属国属部惕隐一般为该部酋长。从现存史料来看,大惕隐司与各部族、属国属部的惕隐不存在隶属关系。

On Tiyin in Liao Kingdom

Tiyin in Liao Kingdom can be traced back to the Teqin of the Turks.After the establishment of the Khitan State,the establishment and transformation of the inherent official system of the nation was carried out with the official system of the Kingdoms in Central China.The name and connotation of Liao Kingdom’s Tiyin have undergone profound changes.Tiyin in Liao Kingdom is mainly divided into two categories.First,Tiyin in the central government is responsible for the rules of the royal families and the royal families’ registrations,which is referred as Tiyin.The selection of the Danei Tiyin largely focused on the members of the ancestors.Danei Tiyin has three functions of education,etiquette and the military.Because of their dignitaries,they often served as the Prime Minister of the Northern Government and a senior official of the North or the South Institutes.There is no Tiyin of Crown Prince in Liao Kingdom.The record of Tiyin of the Crown Prince in History of Liao Kingdom·Baiguan Zhi(Records of Officials)was wrong.Second,Tiyin in the local areas was the Tiyin of Liao Kingdom in various tribes and subordinate departments.Tiyin of the various tribes were later promoted to Situ,and their status was extremely important.In coordination with the tribal envoys,the tribal affairs were governed by the Ministry of State.Judging from the existing historical data,we hold that there is no affiliation between Danei Tiyin and Tiyin of the affiliated tribes and states.