基于土地综合体概念的土地科学学科体系建设

学科体系建设是当前土地科学领域的热点话题,土地科学学科体系建设应当以土地概念为基石和核心. 土地是自然因素和人文因素综合作用的产物,是自然-人文综合体,综合体是土地概念的科学内核. 土地科学是以土地综合体为研究对象,其学科独特性在于将土地作为综合体进行研究,关注土地构成因素的相互作用及综合表现. 土地综合体研究服务于人类认识、利用和改造土地综合体的实践活动,包括基础性、应用性和工程性三个层次,土地科学学科体系据此可构建为基础性研究、应用性研究和工程性研究三大模块. 根据研究土地综合体的视角、方法或内容不同,土地科学一级学科三大模块之下可进一步分为六大二级学科(包括土地资源、土地利用、土地经营、土地管理、土地整治和土地保护)、三十多个三级学科和百余个研究方向. 土地科学的各个二级和三级学科都能够在土地综合体研究中找到恰当的定位.

The Construction of Land Science Discipline System Based on the Concept of Land Complex

In the domain of land science, the construction of a discipline system is an important issue from 1980s, and has been a hot topic in recent years. However, the construction of land science discipline system is still immature and imperfect, for which the deviation from the concept of land is an important reason. The construction of land science discipline system should always take the concept of land as foundation and core.Land is a product of the combined action of natural factors and human factors, a result of the combined action of natural movement and human activities, and so is a natural and human complex. Complex is the scientific kernel of the concept of land, and land science takes land complex as a research object. The discipline uniqueness of land science lies in researching land as a complex and focusing on factors interaction and comprehensive performance(especially at small and medium scales). From this, land science faces unique problems, and produces distinctive theories and methods, and so it can form a relatively independent knowledge system. The research on land complex has three levels, including the basic level, the applied level and the engineering level, serving respectively the human practices of cognizing land complex, utilizing land complex and modifying land complex. Accordingly, the discipline system of land science can be built on three modules: the basic research module, the applied research module and the engineering research module, which are respectively the foundation part, the main body and the support part of land science. According to different research perspectives, methods and contents on land complex, the three modules of land science as a first level discipline can be further divided into six secondary disciplines, more than 30 tertiary disciplines and more than a hundred of research directions. In the research on land complex, all the secondary and tertiary disciplines of land science can be given proper position. Among them, the basic research module has two secondary disciplines: land resource and land utilization, which respectively researches the natural attributes of land complex(land natural complex)and researches the human attributes of land complex(land human complex), both using methods including survey, categorization, regionalization, evaluation, history and others. The applied research module has two secondary disciplines:land management and land administration, which respectively researches the production and operation activities(pursuing market values)of market bodies using land complex and researches public administration activities(pursing public value)of public organization to the utilization of land complex. The land engineering research module has two secondary disciplines: land reclamation and land protection disciplines, which respectively researches land reclamation projects on land complex of unused, difficult to use or inefficient use, and researches land conservation projects on land complex of potential and concrete degradation, damage or contamination. Land science is a comprehensive discipline, which at the same time has the attributes of natural science, social science and engineering science. As the main attribute, social science is the main academic position and the most promising development field for land science. Land science is also a growing discipline in China and it is faced with urgent tasks such as expanding academic community, enhancing discipline cohesion, and improving discipline recognition, and international promotion.