氧气的发现及其哲学意蕴 ——兼论拉瓦锡的研究纲领

拉瓦锡对氧气的发现作出了重要贡献。氧气的发现取决于其背后思维范式和研究纲领的转变。他运用已掌握的经验知识和丰富理论，以客观事实为准则，审查燃素说的一切观念范畴；确立正确的思想观念，以彻底的批判精神和无畏的创新意识开展新的理论思考和实验研究，深刻分析实验现象，揭示出燃素说的逻辑矛盾性，发现了氧气及其在燃烧反应中的作用；使用精确的语言表述氧气及其性质，阐述燃烧现象的本质和规律。氧气的发现是认识上由特殊到普遍、实践上由抽象到具体的结合过程，是事实、观念和语言三者辩证交织的结果。

The Discovery of Oxygen and Its Philosophical Implications

Lavoisier made pivotal contributions to the discovery of oxygen. This breakthrough was reliant on a transformative shift in thought paradigms and research methodologies. Leveraging his wealth of empirical knowledge and extensive theoretical understanding, he meticulously examined every aspect of the phlogiston theory through the lens of objective facts. He established accurate mental frameworks, approaching new theoretical inquiries and experimental investigations with an unwaveringly critical mindset and an audacious spirit of innovation. Through in-depth analysis of experimental phenomena, he uncovered the inherent logical contradictions within the phlogiston theory and successfully identified oxygen, elucidating its role in combustion reactions. His precise articulation of oxygen''s properties and his elucidation of the fundamental laws governing combustion phenomena were remarkable. The journey to discover oxygen embodied a convergence of cognition from the specific to the general and a progression in practice from the abstract to the concrete—a dynamic interplay of facts, concepts, and language.