清代翡翠玉文化形成探释

在长达8千多年的中国玉文化史中,和田玉(软玉)文化长期占据主导地位。然而,从清代中晚期开始,翡翠(硬玉)以后起之秀的姿态逐渐分享了和田玉的主导地位,并且在中国近代玉文化史上占据了重要的位置。文章讨论了导致翡翠玉文化在我国清代中晚期形成的主要原因,认为满族民俗的影响,皇室权力结构改变及宫廷文化的推动;西方文化传入导致的价值观念转变;清代商业经济发展等要素是导致翡翠玉文化能在较短时间内得以与和田玉文化并驾齐驱的主要原因。翡翠玉文化的崛起和市场上翡翠玉石的供应之间在时间上并没有直接的联系,翡翠玉文化的形成主要是市场需求而不是供应驱动的。清代开始的翡翠玉文化的核心是“商玉”文化,它和之前和田玉的“礼玉”文化有明显的差异。

Research on the Development of Jadeite Culture in Mid-Late Qing Dynasty

In the over 8000 years' history of Chinese jade culture,Hetian jade(nephrite)culture had been playing the leading role before the Qing dynasty,in which Hetian(nephrite) jades were the most popular jades.However,since the middle and late Qing dynasty,Feicui(jadeite)became more and more important,and gradually shared the place of nephrite,and a jadeite jade culture(Feicui jade culture) has been formed in modern history.This paper discusses the main reasons why jadeite jade culture was developed in a short time during the middle-late Qing dynasty.It concludes that three main reasons precipitate the rising of jadeite jade culture: the influence of folk customs of the Manchu ethnic group,the power structure of royal estate,and development of aulic culture;the change of social values influenced by Western culture and the commercial development of the Qing dynasty.Furthermore,it believes that Feicui jade culture is substantially different from Hetian jade culture: the former is a kind of commercial culture and the latter represents etiquette and aulic culture.The formation and development of Feicui(jadeite)jade culture were determined by the demand other than the supply of jade.