晚清时期外人游历护照交涉始末

1840年鸦片战争前,清政府实行的是广州一口通商的"闭关自守"政策,严禁外国人私入内地。1858年,随着中英《天津条约》第九款的签订,中国内地正式对外国人开放,准许他们持照进入中国内地游历。围绕着外国人是凭游历执照还是通商执照通行内地,清政府与当时的西方列强发生了大量的纠纷与交涉,双方争论的焦点包括游历执照内容的填写、签发盖印、如何管理以及有效期等具体问题,交涉过程既体现了法律制度的严密性,又暴露出清政府在与洋人打交道时的被动性。

The Negotiation on Travelling Passport in Late Qing Dynasty

Before the first Opium war in 1840,Qing government closed the country to international intercourse except Guangzhou,so the foreigners were forbidden to travel mainland of China.When the section nine ofTianjin Treatysigned with Britain in 1858,the aliens were allowed to travel inland with passport.There was a lot of dispute about the passport for travelling Chinese mainland,such as the content,seal,administration and valid period and so on.In the process of negotiations,China showed its'awareness of law,but ...