网络服务提供者著作权侵权中的双重注意义务

《民法典》侵权责任编对原有通知删除规则进行了科学修正,但事前保护缺位与事后救济程序失范的问题仍然存在。随着网络服务提供者完成角色转型和技术升级,其作为网络侵权风险的控制者和参与者,有必要且有能力承担未通知阶段的主动预防义务和已通知阶段的证明材料审查义务,以弥补著作权保护和用户利益保护的漏洞。双重注意义务应分别与网络服务提供者对侵权危险的预期和控制能力以及材料审查能力相适应。未通知阶段之注意义务以技术措施为主要履行方式,其注意标准的认定应综合考量技术水平、服务类型、内容介入程度、是否直接获取收益等要素,未尽该注意义务仅为过错认定的考量因素而非唯一标准,并不必然导致侵权责任。已通知阶段之注意义务仅限于对提交的证明材料进行形式审查和有限的实质审查,尽到此注意义务的,可以免于承担侵权责任。

Internet service providers' dual duties of care in copyright infringement

The tort liability part of Civil Code (second draft) has made scientific amendments to the existing rules of notice-and-takedown, but the problems of lack of prior protection and loss of post relief procedures remain unresolved. With the role transformation and technology upgrading of ISPs, as the controller and participant of the risk of network infringement, they are necessary and able to bear the obligations of actively preventing infringements during the uninformed phase and reviewing the materials during the notified phase, to make up for the loopholes of copyright protection and user interest protection. The dual duties of care should be compatible with ISPs'' expectation and control ability to the infringement risk and the ability of material review. In the uninformed phase, technical measures are the main methods of performance, and technical level, service type, content involvement level, and direct benefit should be comprehensively considered. Violation is the consideration for fault rather than a sole criterion, and it does not necessarily result in infringement liability. In the notified phase, only formal review and limited substantive examination are necessary, and those who have fulfilled the duty of care can be exempted from tort liability.