“逆家长制”是如何产生的——一个历时性的社会学分析

在传统中国的乡土社会中,家长制是乡土秩序得以维持的伦理基础,而近代以来的三种力量造成家长制的变迁和弱化:一是新文化运动撼动了家长制存在的文化根基;二是集体化时代的一系列社会与政治运动,以"解放"、"平等"等意识形态对乡土社会加以改造,促进了传统家长制的衰落;三是随着改革以来城乡社会流动的增加和市场主义意识形态的兴起,农村年轻一代相对于其父辈在知识、信息、经验等方面的"现代性能力"和个人主义意识增强,使传统孝道和老人权威受到进一步冲击。矛盾的是,虽然当前家长制已经消解,但随之而来的并不是平等主义的代际关系。在农村社会养老体制尚不健全的情况下,父辈对子代的养老依赖依然存在,而年轻一代发号施令的"家长形象"愈加明显。可将这种新的农村家庭代际关系称为"逆家长制"。"逆家长制"有诸多表现,其困境与城乡二元结构相伴而生。

How Does the Anti-Paternalism Come into Being:Historical Analysis from Sociological Perspective

In traditional rural society in China,paternalism is the ethical base for rural social order.Three factors had made the paternalism change and weaken in modern times.First,the New Culture Movement had shaken the base of paternalism.Second,in the age of collectivism,many social and political movements with the ideologies of liberation and equality made the traditional paternalism declined.Third,since the reform,as the rise of social flowing between urban and countryside and the emergence of market ideology,and as the strengthening of modern ability of rural young people in knowledge,information,experience and so on,the traditional filial duty,paternalism and old authority has been further challenged.The paradox is that although the current paternalism has dissolved,but the egalitarian generational relation does not appear with it.Meanwhile,the rural social pension system is not yet perfect and old-age dependency remains,while the autonomy and parent images which mean commands of younger generation are even more evident.We can call this new domestic relationship between generations as "anti-paternalism"."Anti-paternalism" has many performances,and is accompanied by the urban-rural dual structure.