童子—壮夫论:扬雄赋家身份建构的得失评议

扬雄用喜好"雕虫篆刻"的"童子"拟喻喜好赋文学创作的人,其拟喻是对赋家身份的建构和价值评判。汪荣宝在《法言义疏》中认为童子的雕虫篆刻是费力甚多而实用性不强,故价值甚低的行为,扬雄用以拟喻赋文学创作,以表达他对赋文学价值的轻视和否定。汪荣宝的疏义对赋学界影响甚大。然而,汪荣宝对扬雄童子—壮夫论的释义在主要的方面并不正确,其释义对人们正确理解扬雄的童子—壮夫论产生了误导作用。本文认为,扬雄的童子—壮夫论应从生理和心理两个方面去理解,其中,童子对雕虫篆刻的喜好所导致的童子对文字书写之功利目的的远离,所生成的童子于文字书写中的游戏娱乐之心理必须给予重视,扬雄理论的主要观点是,他用经学式"壮夫"的极具价值否定了审美式"童子"的极无价值,用成圣的英雄观取代了大赋作家的英雄观,用为天下思想立法的宏大人生追求抹除了游戏式创作大赋的人生辉煌。扬雄的"童子—壮夫论"如此把赋家在汉代的特定身份和价值敞亮出来,为中国后来的赋家论提供了基本的问题意识,开启了用经学宰制赋文学的理论方向和道路,从文艺学的角度看,其赋家身份的经学建构导致了赋家身份之文学本位的缺失。

On the Child-Adult Theory: Comments on the Gains and Losses of Identity Construction of Yang Xiong as a Fu Writer

In his book Fayan,Yang Xiong uses"children"who like"insect carving and seal character engraving"as a metaphor for people who like to create Fu literary works.His analogy is the construction and value judgment of Fu writer’s identity.In FA Yan Yi Shu,Wang Rongbao thinks that"insect carving and seal character engraving"is a kind of behavior with low value because it takes a lot of efforts and is not practical.Yang Xiong uses it to imitate the creation of Fu literature to express his contempt and negation of the value of Fu literature.Wang Rongbao’s interpretation has a great influence on the field of Fu,but it is not correct in the main aspects,which has a misleading effect on people’s understanding of Yang Xiong’s.This article believes that Yang Xiong’s should be understood from both physiological and psychological aspects.Among them,the children’s preference for carving insects and engraving seal characters leads to the boy’s distancing from the utilitarian purpose of writing,and the boy’s psychology of playing and entertaining in writing must be paid attention to.The main point of Yang Xiong’s theory is that he negates the extreme valuelessness of aesthetic"child"with the great value of"adult"in Confucian classics;replaces the view of Dafu writers with the heroic view of sanctification;and erases the brilliance of game-style Dafu creation with the grand life pursuit of legislation for the world.Yang Xiong’s reveals the specific status and value of Fu writers in the Han Dynasty,provides basic problem consciousness for the later Fu theory in China,and determines the theoretical direction and path of using Confucian classics to dominate Fu literature.From the perspective of literature and art,the construction of his identity as a Fu writer leads to the lack of literature standard.