炎姜、姬周两后稷的时代及其代兴考

古文献中有两个不同的稷神：一个是炎姜部落烈山氏后稷柱，另一个才是姬周先祖后稷弃，二者之间为甥舅关系。炎姜部落活动的区域在陕西中部、甘肃青海的东部地区，这一地区在仰韶文化时期有半坡遗址、姜寨遗址、大地湾等遗址，作为粟黍类农作物正适合在这片土壤条件优越而环境条件良好的区域中生长，在这个新石器时期的大暖期，农业生产率先在黄土高原发展起来，并被称之为“神农氏”。从古史传说的炎帝到虞舜时代，炎姜部落世世代代担任农官“后稷”，并以炎帝烈山氏后裔柱作为农神来祭祀。不窑便“弃稷不务”，并窜于戎狄之间，以至于周先祖失其代数。夏后期“弃稷不务”的原因，是夏代气候恶化造成的。到夏代末年，先周公刘至古公的农业再次兴盛，后稷弃又再次受到商人尊祀。

A Textual Research on Houji in Yanjiang and Houzhou Tribes and Their Different Periods

In some ancient texts,there are two different Saints named Ji: one is Houji Zhu from the Yanjiang Tribe,and the other Houji Qi from the Jizhou Tribe.They hold a nephew-uncle relationship.The Yanjiang Tribe lived in central Shaanxi and the eastern part of Qinghai and Gansu.This is indicated by such historical sites as Banpo,Jiangzhai and Dadiwan.In Houji's time,this region was characterized by fertile soil and good environment,which were quite suitable for growing grains.And the Stone Age culminated at that time,so agriculture was highly developped on the Yellow Plateau.Thus,Houji Zhu was honored "Saint of Crops".From the legendary Emperor Yan to the Yu-shun Period,Descendants from the Yanjiang Tribe held the office as "Houji",and Zhu was always worshipped.Then in late Xia Period,farming was given up by the tribes living in this region for the deteriorated claimate,and Houji lost his previous fame.In the last years of Xia,farming thrived again and Houji Qi was again worshipped by the people in the Shang Period.