论明代的"京徭"之役

"京徭"一词是清人对于明代地方运解两京财物徭役的一种集称.作为明代的钱粮解运之役,该役的实施很大程度上填补了官方运力的不足.然而,作为明代的长解重役,京徭除高额的解运成本外,其负担更多地体现在运解各环节的种种陋规使费,而由此形成的京徭役困成为影响明代基层社会稳定的长期问题.从长时段来看,明代京徭因国家应役环境的变迁呈现两种演变趋势:一是承役户等由富民向中下民户下移;二是承役形式由役户独充发展成以朋充、贴役等为代表的一役多户.与此同时,京徭负担过重和沿途使费的不确定性,在一定程度上延缓了国家钱粮调度的官运改革和徭役的货币化进程.

On the study of Jingyao in Ming Dynasty

Jingyao is a collective term for the local transport solution of the property and corvee in Ming Dynasty. To a large extent, it was aimed to solve the shortage of the official transportation. However, in addition to the high cost of transportation, the burden of Jingyao was more reflected in the cost of various unofficial taxes and fees,so that it became a long-term problem affecting the stability of the grassroots society in Ming Dynasty. In a long period,Jingyao in the Ming Dynasty showed two kinds of evolutionary trends due to the changes of the environment. Firstly,there was a shift from the rich households to the lower middle-income households. Secondly,the forms of corvee developed into a multi-family corvee represented by friends corvee, allowance and so on. In the meantime,due to the excessive burdens on Jingyao and the uncertainties in taxes and fees,the official transport reform of the national food and grain scheduling and the monetary reform of corvee were delayed to some extent.