父母外出对农村留守儿童的影响研究

城市化进程中,农村人口的不完全流动产生了大量留守儿童。父母外出对这些儿童的学习生活造成不利影响。一方面,已有的流出地环境极大地制约着留守儿童的生存发展;另一方面,留守家庭成员也会通过积极、消极抑或是不自觉的行动来回应现实需求。因此在分析父母外出对家庭结构和个人所带来制约的同时,进一步考察父母外出后家庭成员能动因素的作用就显得尤为重要。本文利用2013年CEPS调查数据对农村留守儿童的身心健康、认知水平、学习成绩和综合发展状况及影响因素进行回归分析。研究发现母亲外出的流动安排对农村留守儿童造成极不利影响;良好的家庭经济状况和氛围、家庭及个人的自致性因素都显著正向影响农村留守儿童的综合发展;学校和朋辈群体环境中阻碍因素的影响大于支持因素;性别差异主要体现在留守男生的身心健康状况和认知水平优于留守女生,但留守女生的成绩和综合发展能力更好;农村留守儿童与非留守儿童的主要差异在于身心健康。基于此,解决留守儿童问题应兼顾眼前和长远利益,减少发展代价;公共政策和制度设计应嵌入家庭视角,自觉顺应人口流动家庭化趋势;强化家庭责任、发掘能动性,联结多方资源为农村留守儿童建立友好支持环境。

The Influence of Parents' Going Out on Left-behind Children in Rural Areas

In the process of urbanization,the incomplete migration and the formation of large numbers of left-behind children in rural areas. On the one hand,the existing environment restricts the survival and de?velopment of left-behind children greatly;On the other hand,left-behind members will respond to the actu?al needs through positive,negative or unconscious actions. Therefore,while analyzing the restrictions of par?ents’ going out on family structure and individuals,it is important to further review the role of family mem?bers’ dynamic factors. The 2013 CEPS survey data were used to analyze the physical and mental health,cognitive level,academic achievement,comprehensive development and influencing factors of rural left be?hind children,the study found that:Children whose mothers go out is the most unfavorable influence on all aspects,even more disadvantaged than the inter-generational education;Good family economy,family sta?tus and atmosphere,family and individual self-consistency factors all have positive effects on the compre?hensive development of left-behind children;The gender differences between left-behind boy and girl are mainly reflected in the physical and mental health and cognitive level of boys are better than those of girls,but the performance and comprehensive development ability of girls are better;The influence of obstacles in school and peer group environment is more influential than the supportive factors. Based on this,the fol?lowing countermeasures are put forward:The problem of children’s staying behind should take into account both immediate and long-term,minimize the cost of development;Family perspective should be embedded in the public policy and system design,conform to the trend of family migration consciously;Strengthen fam?ily responsibility and explore its initiative,and build a pluralistic supportive environment for left-behind children through linking multiple resources.