Use of Biological Markers in Risk Assessment1 |
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Authors: | Alex McMillan Alice S. Whittemore Abraham Silvers Yasamin DiCiccio |
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Affiliation: | Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.;Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5092.;Environment Division, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94303. |
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Abstract: | Measurements of intermediate end points in the carcinogenic process may reduce uncertainty in human risk assessment from bioassay data, by identifying sources of interspecies variation and dose nonlinearity. This paper describes desirable properties of such markers: persistence, predictive power, temporal relevance, and consistency across dose rate and species. We illustrate these properties by evaluating markers for squamous cell nasal carcinoma in rodents exposed to formaldehyde. We also discuss design issues for bioassays that evaluate markers and tumors simultaneously at necropsy. |
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Keywords: | Markers cancer risk assessment formaldehyde |
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