从剥削到契约——近三十年清代租佃研究范式的转换与反思

在传统学术理论中,清代租佃被认为是地主对佃农的剥削.近三十年,学术界对此进行了反思.就本质而言,租佃不是剥削而是契约.地主与佃农具有不同的社会分工.通过租佃,地主土地与佃农劳动力有效结合,解放与促进了社会生产力.而且,双方通过协商而非强迫的方式确立租佃关系.学术界初步完成了研究范式的转变,但仍应需从更长历史时段重新审视租佃,以期更了解传统租佃性质与功能,从而有助于更清晰认识中国传统社会的真实图像.

Exploitation or Contract--A rethinking of the paradigm shifting in the research of past thirty years on the land tenancy of Qing Dynasty

The discourse change in historiography and the paradigm shifting in research reflect the developmentof historical science. According to the traditional theory, the land tenancy in Qing Dynasty was considered as theexploitation of landlord to tenants. Instead, it has been reconsidered in the past thirty years in the academic circle.In terms of the essential attitude, the tenancy is kind of contract. Because of the different social division of laborbetween the landlord and tenants, the tenancy contributes to the effective combination of the land of landlord andthe labor of tenants with mutual reciprocity and benefit for both sides, hence a tenancy relationship by means ofnegotiation rather than compulsion. The academic community has completed the transform of academic discourseand research paradigm, though it will take a longer historical period to study the land tenancy in order to furtherunderstand the property and function of the tenancy in the tradition society with a clearer image.