富人治村的类型与机制研究

富人治村在目前已是普遍现象，可以分为经营致富型、资源垄断型、项目分肥型、回馈家乡型等四种类型。前三种类型具有典型性，有着不同的具体机制。经营致富型富人治村隐含政治排斥，富人通过塑造“不用家财补贴集体就没有参政资格”的政治氛围，使普通村民丧失被选举为村干部的机会；资源垄断型富人治村依赖派性结盟，富人通过与“混混”势力联合，垄断村庄公共事务，以暴力威胁使村民噤声；项目分肥型富人治村导致精英俘获，富人通过社会关系获取自上而下的资源项目投入，从而获得村庄公共事务的支配权，使村民被动或主动地远离村务。不同类型的富人治村都产生了负面效果，削弱了村级民主，破坏了民主的外部环境，因此需要反思相关政策措施和话语。

Analysis on the Type and Mechanism of Villages Managed by the Rich

Currently, managing village by the rich is a prevalent phenomenon which can be classified into four types, namely supporting collectiveness, monopolizing resources, dominating projects and rewarding hometowns. The first three types are typical with various specific mechanisms. Type supporting collectiveness implies the political exclusion. Comparing with the rich, villagers would be deprived of the chances to be elected as cadres for the shortage of property to support public expenditure. Type monopolizing resources relies on factional alliances with village villains. Villagers are threatened with violence and have no right to take part in political activities. Type dominating projects results in the elite capture. Villagers are obliged to leave political domain while the rich control the power of speech by obtaining the top?town investment opportunities through their interpersonal relationships. All types of village managing by the rich engender negative effects, undermining the village democracy as well as worsening the democratic external environment. Therefore, critical thinking on relevant political measures and statements is highly indispensable.