春秋时期家臣职权扩展与宗法制嬗变

西周时期小宗世袭为大宗家臣,异姓亦可世袭为家臣,“事保厥家”乃其职责。然至春秋,家臣势力逐渐增强,由西周“事保厥家”的“宗法性家臣”发展成春秋后期“执国命”的“陪臣”。伴随着春秋时期权力下移,家臣权力上升、职能增强且家臣身份也呈现多样化发展。家臣制源于宗法制,在不断调整与完善的过程中又不可避免地要摆脱宗法制的约束,逐渐发展成为后世帝国时期官僚制的雏形。同时,家臣选任及流动的自由冲击了宗法制下世卿世禄的原则,也折射出宗法制下传统社会观念的演变趋势,最终影响到后世“家”“国”关系的构建。

The Expansion of Retainers Power and the Evolution of the Patriarchal Clan System in the Spring and Autumn Period

In Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771BC), all of the same and different surnames could be the retainers of the feudal lords, and their status could be hereditary. Until the Spring and Autumn Period (771-476BC), with the increasing strong forces of the retainers, they casted the covetous eyes on the rights of the feudal lords. Originating from the patriarchal clan system, the retainer system had experienced many adjustments and improvements such as diversified status of each retainer, more political powers and standardized post set. These changes made the retainer system gradually get rid of the patriarchal clan system?s restraints, becoming the rudiment of the bureaucracy in later times. At the same time, the selection and mobility of retainers impacted the hereditary system and reflected the evolution of traditional social values under retainer system.