先秦儒道两家圣人观念比较研究

受天下混乱局势影响,圣人观念是先秦诸子所普遍关注的一个理论与现实兼具的重要问题。在这当中,儒道两家的圣人观念最具代表性。由于儒家的思想理论往往生发于内在心性,故而其视野中的圣人在德行上表现得非常突出,并最终呈现为外王事功与对于万物的化育上。与儒家不同,道家则从道的高度来审视和规定人的本质,认为圣人不仁、不自生,无为、无执,是道的自然性质在圣人身上无为的体现,其客观效果便如具有遍在性的道一样可以利益众人与万物。可以说,儒道两家对于圣人的看法是异大于同,异中有同。到了儒道两家思想逐渐合流的战国秦汉,儒道两家视野中的圣人并不只是具有道德这一维度,而是在道德维度的基础上更加强调与注重圣人之功。

A Comparative Study of the Notions of Sage in Pre-Qin Confucianism and Taoism

Influenced by the chaotic situation in the world,the concept of sage is an important issue for Pre-Qin Philosophers both theoretically and practically.And the most representative concepts had been defined by Confucianism and Daoism.Because of Confucian thoughts and theories often originate from the inner mind,the sages in their field of vision are outstanding in virtue,and finally present themselves on external dominant achievements and to civilize the world.Unlike Confucianism,Taoism examines and defines the nature of human beings at the very high level of Tao,believing that the nature of sages such as Wuwei reflects the nature of Tao,so the whole world would benefit from sages as same as the omnipresent Tao.It can be said that Confucianism and Taoism have different views on Sages.There are similarities among differences.In the Warring States,Qin and Han Dynasties,Confucianism and Taoism had been influenced by each other gradually,and the concepts of sage in Confucianism and Daoism had placed more emphasis on the merits of sages based on their morality instead of emphasizing their morality alone.