社会主义现实主义：背景探秘与主旨辨析

苏联在20世纪30年代提出“社会主义现实主义”，既是纠正“拉普”文艺路线的错误，也是为了吸引“同路人”作家和争取高尔基回国，此外还与苏联公开发表恩格斯致玛·哈克奈斯论现实主义的信有关。但恩格斯所说的立足于对历史环境的真实把握、具有批判精神的“充分的现实主义”，在这里变成了维护共产党领导、歌颂社会主义现实生活的“社会确认的现实主义”。这种“现实主义”要求为党的政治服务，从现实的革命发展中描写现实，有其历史必然性与合理性。但如果理解偏差、执行失当，也会给党的文艺事业造成损害，需要进行科学的辨析。

Socialist Realism：an Analysis of the Background and Meaning

The proposition of ＂socialist realism＂ by the Soviet Union in the 1930s was not only an effort to correct the mistakes of the ＂RAPP＂ literary and artistic line, but an effort to attract the ＂fellow travel- lers＂ authors and win Gorky back to the country. In addition, it was related to the Soviet Union＇s open publication of Engels＂ ＂A Letter to M. Harkelas＂ in which he elaborated on realism. Yet,Engels＂ ＂sufficient realism＂ based on the truthful representation of historical circumstance and characterized by critical spirit was turned into ＂socially confirmed socialism＂ advocating the leadership of the Communist Party and the socialist social life. Though the demand of ＂realism＂ to serve for the party politics and to depict reality from prac- tical revolutionary development is necessary and reasonable in a historical sense, it will damage the literature and art development if misunderstood or malfunctioned, hence it is necessary to analyze scientifically.