民国时期广州银行业风险控制的三道防线

地处中国南部边陲的广州远离皇权中心而毗邻港澳、连接南洋等地，其金融历来自成一派。清末民国时期，这里聚集了众多的银行机构，诞生了中国历史上第一家国家中央银行。而在中国历史上发生过的两次银行停业倒闭高潮中的第二次却是以广东银行的停业为标志的。目前，我国对民营银行的受理已全面开闸，民间资本进入银行业的渠道和机构类型已全部开放。开办银行或成为银行股东于国人而言已是美梦成真了。而处在国民经济核心地位的银行，其经营的成败将会对一国乃至一个地区的经济稳定产生重大影响，开办银行既需要资本更需要智慧。本文通过大量鲜活的一手史料，再现了清末民国时期新型商业银行在广州设立时的艰辛、开业时的盛况、倒闭时的悲哀，进一步理清了广州银行业在排除道德风险、减少操作风险和消除信用风险中所形成的三道防线的脉络，为金融管理当局以及有志进军金融业的民营企业家提供可资借鉴的历史经验。

Three Lines of Risk Control:Bank Industry of Guangzhou in the Time of Republic China

Situated in the far south of China, Guangzhou is far away from the emperor’ s ruling and next to Hongkong, Macaw, connecting the South Seas area. Its finance is very unique for the whole time. At the end of Qing dynasty and the time of Republic China, lots of bank institutions gathered in Guangzhou and the first national central bank of China came into being then. In China’ s history, there were two rounds of banks shut down, of which the second one is symbolized by the closing of Guangdong Bank. Through plenty of first-hand material, this paper reproduces the history of new commercial bank in the Republic China Period. The hardship at the very beginning of founding, the flourishing when it was in business, and the sadness when it was closed are all included. Three control lines were formed in the Guangzhou bank industry, i.e., to exclude risk of morality, to limit operating risk, to eliminate credit risk, which is very good historical experience for the financial bureau and entrepreneurs who want to find a place in finance field.