家庭因素对性别工资差异的影响——基于CFPS数据的实证分析

随着职业性别隔离现象不断减少、男女受教育水平和教育收益率的逐步收敛,人力资本、职业和行业分布已经无法解释我国性别工资差异不断扩大的趋势。从家庭出发,考察婚姻、家务劳动分工和子女这些典型的家庭特征因素对性别工资差异的影响,运用2016年CFPS数据,在解决内生性问题的条件下,研究结果表明:婚姻通过增加女性家务劳动时间和子女间接影响女性工资,家务劳动时间和母亲身份对女性工资率具有显著的惩罚效应,女性平均每周承担家务劳动17小时,这导致其周工资率减少34%,子女降低母亲8.5%的周工资率;相对于未婚女性,已婚女性每周多做7小时家务,这降低了她们14%的周工资率。男性则存在婚姻溢价效应。Oaxaca分解也显示,家庭特征,尤其是家务劳动时间,是性别歧视之外导致性别工资差距的主要原因。本文按收入阶层的异质性分析表明,家庭特征可能引起低收入阶层更大的性别工资差异。本文的分析还显示,家务劳动对男性和女性具有门槛效应,且阈值位于10.5小时左右。

The Impact of Family Factors on Gender Wage Differentials:Empirical Analysis Based on CFPS Data

With the decrease of occupational gender segregation,the gradual convergence of educational level and the rate of educational return between men and women,the distribution of human capital,occupations and industries can no longer explain the trend of increasing gender wage difference in China.From the respective of family,this paper examines the influence of marriage,the division of housework and the typical family characteristics of children on the gender wage difference.Using the 2016 CFPS data,under the condition of solving endogenous problems,this paper found that marriage indirectly affects women’s wages through increasing their children and domestic working hours,and domestic working hours and motherhood have significant positive effects on women’s wage rates.Women work 17 hours housework per week on average,which reduced their weekly wage by 34%.Children reduce mother’s weekly wage by 8.5%.Compared to unmarried women,married women work an extra seven hours of housework per week,reducing their weekly wage rate by 14%.As for men,there is a“marriage premium”effect.Oaxaca decomposition also shows that family characteristics,especially domestic working hours,are the main reasons of the gender wage gap in addition to gender discrimination.According to the heterogeneity analysis of income class,family characteristics may cause greater gender wage difference in low income class.The analysis also shows that housework has a threshold effect on both men and women,and the threshold is about 10.5 hours.