论责任规则视角下的农民留种收费制度

农民留种收费制度中引入责任规则旨在将植物新品种知识产权的专有性与开放共享适当结合，在保障育种者合法权益，减低维权成本的同时，消解农民留种侵权风险，促进育种创新与良种推广。鉴于留种农民的分散性，可建立种子知识产权集体管理组织代行收费权利。缴费义务主体为留种种植农民，不考虑其身份、留种目的及留种数量，以避免农民留种合理性判断的难题。收费标准以农民种植面积与数量为依据，且应合理低于通常许可使用费。在具体操作上，可采取农民留种申报的形式；应建立知识产权管理信息系统和农民留种信息平台，以保证使用费分配的科学性；农民因留种缴费所增负担，国家应予补贴。

Charging System for Farmers' Saving Seed from the view of Liability Rules

The introduction of liability rules in charging system for farmers' saving seed is aimed at combining monopoly for intellectual property rights of new plant varieties with opening and sharing,to ensure legitimate rights and interests of breeders and reduce the cost of safeguarding rights,meanwhile,eliminate the risk of farmers' saving seed,promote breeding innovation and breed popularization.In view of decentralization of saved-seed farmers,seed intellectual property collective management organizations could charge fees instead of breeders.The subjects of duty for payment are saved-seed farmers,regardless of their identities,the purpose and number of saving seed,in order to avoid the problem of reasonable justification for farmers' saving seed.The standard of charge is based on the area and quantity of farmers' planting,and should be reasonably lower than the usual royalties.Specific operation has three main components including collection of charging for farmers' saving seed,assignment of charges and state improved varieties subsidy.