论西方自然主义教育家对教育科学发展的历史贡献

西方自然主义教育思想经历了萌芽期、客观化自然教育思想、主观化自然教育思想、心理化自然教育思想、生长论自然教育思想的演变。每个阶段的教育家都为西方教育科学的发展做出了重要的贡献。客观化自然教育家夸美纽斯的贡献是:建构了教育科学史上第一部教育学,为近代教育学的发展指明了方向;超越古典人文主义教育,树立了一种新的广义的人文主义教育观;对教育规律进行了科学化的探索;在教育研究方法上,他创立了自然类比法;确立了西方自然主义教育思想史上第一个研究范式——客观化自然教育思想范式。主观化自然教育家卢梭的贡献是:确立了"把小孩子当作小孩子"的儿童观;提出了尊重儿童自然本性,培养自然人的教育目的观,奠定了"个人本位"教育目的的理论基础;建构了具有儿童视野的教育学;创立了主观化自然教育思想范式。心理化自然教育家裴斯泰洛齐、赫尔巴特、第斯多惠等的贡献是:倡导教育心理学化,开启了教育科学探索之先河;彰显了教育学成为一门科学所需要的理论基础:伦理学、心理学;建立了比以往教育家的教育学更为完善的、令后人竞相效仿的教育学体系;形成了心理化自然教育家的教育研究旨趣:教育目的、教育过程、教育方法的心理化;创设了心理化自然教育思想范式。生长论自然教育家杜威的贡献是:提出并论述了"教育即生长"、"教育即生活"、"教育即经验的继续不断的改造"三个命题,丰富和深化了"教育"概念的内涵和视野;提出并论述了兼顾个人发展与社会发展的生成性教育目的——培养生长的人,深化了对教育目的的认识和视野;丰富和深化了儿童中心观的认识和视野,开启了20世纪是儿童的世纪的先河;创立了生长论自然教育思想范式。研究这些自然教育家的历史贡献,对进一步推动教育科学的发展不无裨益。

On the Historical Contribution Made by Western Naturalism Educators to the Development of Education Science

Western naturalism education thought experienced five periods of evolution：budding stage,ob-jective naturalism education thought,subjective naturalism education thought,psychological naturalism education thought and the growth theory on naturalism education thought.Educators on each stage have made important contribution to the development of education science.The objective naturalism educator,Comenius,made enor-mous contributions.Firstly,he produced the first book on pedagogy in the history of education science,pointing out the direction of the development of modern education.Secondly,he established a new generalized humanism education view,exceeding classical humanism education.Thirdly,he made a scientific exploration on the laws of education.Fourthly,he created the natural analogy method for the education research.Last,he established the first paradigm in the history of western naturalism education,which is called the objectivization of naturalism ed-ucation idea.As for subjective naturalism educator Rousseau,his contributions are as follows：firstly,he estab-lished the view of“treating children as children”.Secondly,he presented the view on education purpose that in-cludes respecting children’s natural nature and cultivating natural person.He has laid the theoretical base on the view of individual-based education goal.And he constructed an education with children’s view.What’s more, he established the form of subjective naturalism education thought.Psychological naturalism educators,for exam-ple,Pestalozzi,Herbart,Diesterweds,have made the following contributions：advocating psychologized educa-tion that took the initiative of the exploration of education science;manifesting the theoretical bases turning edu-cation into a subject of science are ethics and psychology;building a more complete education system than ever which enables people to follow;forming the research purport of psychological naturalism educators,which is the psychologization of educational purpose,educational process and educat