| 摘 要： | Frontier governance has a histori-cal origin .Before the Opium War , the Qing gov-ernment mostly determined territorial borders with neighboring countries using border lines drawn ac-cording to traditional custom .Since modern times, under the situation of being surrounded by powerful enemies together with frequent invasions , it was imperative for the Qing government to reform tradi-tional governance .At the end of the 19th century, the Qing government successively established prov-inces （ xingsheng,行省） in Taiwan, the northwest and northeast regions; and in Kaiguan, Yadong, Tibet, they established a port （ bu, 埠）.In the early of 20th century, the ＂New Policy＂, such as gaitu guiliu （ i.e.the replacement of native offi-cials with imperial ones ） and the establishment of provinces , was carried out in the frontier regions of Sichuan （ current Ganzi prefecture in Sichuan and Changdu in Tibet ） by Zhao Erfeng , in Tibet by Li-anyu , the minister of Tibet , and in the Outer Mongolia （ Uliastai ） by Sanduo , the minister in Kulun.
|
