试论清代前期科举回避制度

清代前期有空前严密的科举回避制度。其中 ,地区回避主要是 :某省籍贯官员回避该省乡试 ;官员籍贯在邻省三百里以内区域者要回避邻省乡试。江苏 (或安徽 )知府等以上官员籍隶安徽 (或江苏 )者 ,如下属主持江南乡试或阅卷 ,其子弟、亲族回避江南乡试。陕西与甘肃亦照此办理。顺天乡试同考官 ,南方人一律回避南方考生的试卷 ,以此类推。亲族回避规定 :和考官有某些血缘关系和姻亲关系的人回避乡试。在工作回避中 ,内、外帘官之间互相回避 ;关于考官子弟是否回避该次考试 ,在雍乾之际制度出现了一些变化。清前期科举回避制度极大地减少了科场积弊 ,这是封建科举制度的进一步完善与发展 ,但仍然有着难以避免的漏洞和不可逾越的历史局限性

The Avoidance System in the Imperial Examination during the Early Qing Period

There were three Kinds of avoidance System in the imperil examinations during the early Qing period. Firstly, an official from his native province should avoid the triennial examinations held in this province for the title of juren, such as if he was from an area 300 li to a neighboring province, he should avoid the triennial examinations held in the neighboring province. If an offical from Anhui (or Jiangsu) working in Jiangsu (or Anhui) was a magistrate of a prefecture or over this position, and his subordinate was in charge of this kind of examinations or went over the test papers of Jiangnan, his offspring and his clan should avoid the examination which should be acted accordingly to the officials from Shanxi or Gansu. In the examination of Shuntian, the examiners from southern provinces should all avoid the test papers of the candiates from the south, and the officials from other areas should indiscriminately imitate this. Secondly, if someone had relationship by blood or marriage with an examiner, he should avoid this examination. Thirdly, the officials who were in charge of going over examination papers and enrollment and the officials who were in charge of the affairs of the examination hall should avoid each other. The system varied between Yongzheng and Qianlong about whether the examiners' sons should avoid this examination. Although this challenge system had loopholes difficult to control and impassable historical limitations, it had extremely reduced the malpractices in imperial examinations. This was further perfection and development of the feudal imperial examinations.