先秦儒、法、道权力制约思想及其现代启示

权力制约思想在以儒、法、道为代表的先秦政治思想中有大量经典论述。儒家从＂人性善＂出发,基于＂民＂的视角,主张运用＂天＂、＂仁＂、＂礼＂对君主的德行加以规范,进而使其在使用权力、治理国家中施行＂仁政＂;法家从＂人性恶＂出发,基于＂君＂的视角,主张君处＂势＂并以＂法＂、＂术＂为手段对＂臣民＂进行严密控制;道家则从＂百姓＂的角度出发,主张君王应遵循＂道＂的原则,以＂无为＂、＂自然＂的方式使用权力、治理国家,强调人之淳朴本性的保存。三家关于权力制约的不同论述在权力制约路径、政策合理制定、政府职能边界和能、权、责一致的指标要求方面对我国现代权力使用和权力规范提供了有益的启示。

The Pre- Qin Confucianism,Legalism,Daoism Thoughts of Power Restriction and Its Modern Enlightenment

The thought of power restriction has a lot of classical discussions in Confucianism,Legalism,and Daoism which are the representatives of the Pre-Qin Dynasty political thoughts. Confucianism goes from the ＂ goodness of human nature＂,bases on ＂ people＂ perspective,advocates the use of ＂ Heaven＂, ＂ benevolence＂ and ＂rite＂ to regulate the virtues of the monarch,thus making the implementation of power-use and country-governance in ＂ benevolent ＂; Legalism goes from ＂ evil of human nature＂,bases on the ＂ monarch＂ perspective,advocates the powerful monarch use ＂ law＂ and ＂ operation＂ as means to keep ＂ subjects＂ in strict control; Taoism goes from the ＂ human＂,advocates the king should follow the principle of ＂ Tao＂,uses power in ＂ non-action＂ and ＂ natural＂ way to govern the country,emphases on preserving human nature. Three different discussions about power constraints provide beneficial enlightenment on the power path,policy making,government function boundary and the consistent of ability,right,responsibility in our modern use of power and power specification.