元代祭礼三题

清代学者万斯同认为元代太庙祭礼有一些新异之处,有些则有违古礼。其实,荐佛事、祭品的蒙古色彩与祭仪中嵌入的“烧饭”礼等方面也具有鲜明的时代特色,而这些内容万氏都没有提到;至于改汉地通行的“栗木神主”为金制神主,则是受了喇嘛教的直接影响;元代宗庙神主的位向与位次排列亦有一定历史与经典依据,万氏的指斥也有片面之处。至于大都的“烧饭园”与“官祭场”则是元代帝室与蒙古族权贵从事家祭的特殊场所。通过以上考述,不仅可以澄清某些误识或偏见,而且能从一个重要角度寻绎蒙、汉传统的交互影响及其所呈现的独特面貌。

Three Aspects of Religious Rites During the Yuan Dynasty

Wan Sitong, Qing scholar, believed that there were several new and unusual practices in religious rites at the Imperial Ancestral Temple of the Yuan Dynasty, some even in violation of classical rites. Striking features of the times were also manifest in the Mongolian color of Buddhist affairs and sacrifices and the meal-cooking rite incorporated in the religious rites. Wan obviously overlooked those. The change of the "God of Grain and Wood" popular with the Han Chinese to the "Gold-coated God" was the result of the direct influence of Lamaism. The positions and position arrangement of Yuan temple gods have some historical and classical traces, so Wan's criticism was biased. As far as the Meal-Cooking Garden and the Official Sacrifice Altar were concerned, they were special places designated for religious sacrifices at the Yuan Imperial family and Mongolian nobility. Through the above investigations, not only certain misunderstandings or prejudices will be addressed. The interaction and the unique map of Mongolian and Han Chinese traditions will also be clarified from an important perspective.